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(a) 漫畫想帶出甚麼主要信息(3分)
主要信息是諷刺法國的態度反復無常，只顧自己的利益和觀點。
資料中，當戰爭發生時，法國就指這是「我們的事」，歡迎「英國、意大利、美國」士兵，進內協助打仗，但當打完仗，和平就頓時變成法國「我的事」，將其他國家的「建議、想法、提示」拒於門外，反映漫畫家認為法國態度反復無常，只是做有利自己的行動。
資料標題是「當年與今日」，諷刺法國當年需要其他國家幫助時就大表歡迎，但當不需要其他國家幫助時就過橋抽板，更無視其他國家意見，態度自私、反復無常。
(b) 一般人對一次大戰影響婦女地位的一項誤解是甚麼(3分)
該項誤解是認為婦女地位大大提高，已經有了普遍性的投票權。
作者指人們重視婦女在一次大戰時的貢獻，結果「戰後歐洲大部分地區的婦女獲得投票權」，此乃一般人對於戰後婦女地位提高的認知，認為女性已獲得普遍投票權。
然而，「法國要到1944年才將投票權擴展至婦女」，而意大利、羅馬尼亞等國則更加遲，反映一般人認為一次大戰使女性已獲得普遍性的投票權，但這並非真確，因許多國家要到1940年代才有，是有誤解。
(c) 第一次世界大戰是否令歐洲變得更加好[S+K](7分)
我在小程度上同意題目。
雖然就資料F所示，一戰前女權運動在歐洲東、南部力量薄弱，但一次大戰令多國出現「突破」，令「戰後歐洲大部分地區的婦女獲得投票權」，這有助提高婦女地位，促進兩性平等，是好的影響。
而且就我所知，一戰前歐洲國家經常發生民族衝突，例如塞拉耶佛危機(1914年)等，但一戰後列強提出了「民族自決」原則，成立了波蘭等民族小國，有助促進民族統一，締造了更好的歐洲。
再者，一戰前歐洲沒有維和的國際機構，但一戰後列強成立了國際聯盟以解決糾紛，例如阻止了1923年意大利炮轟科孚島，有助平息衝突，締造了更好的歐洲。
另外，一戰前軍備競賽問題嚴重，但一次大戰後由於極力限制戰敗國軍備，包括要求德國裁減軍隊人數至10萬，加上「和平十四點」亦有「限制軍備」的建議，結果大大緩和了軍備競賽問題，有助更好的歐洲出現。
然而，一戰在大程度上沒有使歐洲變得更加好。
資料E中，「當年」是有戰爭爆發，但這是「我們的事」。然而，儘管1923年「今日」已經沒有戰爭，但法國卻宣稱這是「我的事」，更無視其他國家的「建議、想法、提示」。換言之，雖然1923年沒有戰爭，但列強不合作的情況卻加劇，根本沒有出現更加好的歐洲。
資料F中，在婦女投票權上，許多歐洲國家事實上並沒有於一次大戰後給予婦女投票權，例如「法國要到1944年才將投票權擴展至婦女」，而意大利、羅馬尼亞等亦然，故一次大戰對歐洲婦女地位提高的影響力仍然十分有限，不應被高估。
資料F中「社會仍然完全由男性主導」、「婦女仍然普遍受到歧視」可以反映男尊女卑的情況於戰前、戰後根本沒有太大改變，不論在英國還是法國，女性的地位仍舊不能與男性完全平等，因此不應高估一次大戰帶來的正面影響。
就我所知，一次大戰前歐洲勢力由英、法、俄、德、奧所平衡，締造了勢力均衡的局面。然而，一次大戰令俄、德、奧等帝國勢力崩潰，同時成立了大量民族小國，結果令東南歐出現勢力真空情況，往後使侵略國更容易發動戰爭，埋下大戰伏線，故並沒有締造更好的歐洲。
而且，一次大戰前極權主義於歐洲未興起，但一次大戰摧毀了俄國，促使共產蘇聯出現，同時戰後安排導致德、意極為不滿，墨索里尼於1922年意大利上台；希特拉也開始嶄露頭角，可見一次大戰不但未有締造更好的歐洲，更使極權主義席捲歐洲，為禍甚深。
儘管一戰在部分方面帶來了好的影響，但此等影響並不應被高估。事實上，一戰造成的不利局勢不單使歐洲國家關係更加疏離，同時極權主義的興起也嚴重危害往後的發展。因此，一戰只在小程度上締造了更好的歐洲。
(a) What is the major message of the cartoon (3 marks)
The main message was the satire on France that was dishonest and cared only about its own interests and considerations.
From the Source, when there was a war, France said that it was ‘our affair’ and welcomed soldiers from ‘England’, ‘Italy’ and ‘USA’ in the war to help. But as soon as it ended, the peace became ‘my affair’ for France and it ignored all ‘suggestions’, ‘ideas’ and ‘hints’ of other countries. The cartoonist should think that France had a capricious attitude and only did things that would benefit it.
The title of the source ‘Then and Now’ was a satire on France that extended welcome when needing other countries’ help but ignored their opinions when not needing it anymore. Its act of use and dump showed its selfish attitude and dishonesty.
(b) What is the one misunderstanding that the public held towards the impact of the First World War to the women status (3 marks)
A general misunderstanding was that women’s status was greatly enhanced and there was already universal suffrage.
The author stated that it was a general understanding that people valued the wartime contribution made by women and for this reason female ‘had been given the vote in most of Europe’. This was the popular view about the enhancement of women’s status after the world war and most people thought that universal suffrage was already granted to women.
However, ‘France extended the franchise to women only in 1944’ and it was even later for countries such as Italy and Romania. It was not true that universal suffrage for women was made possible by WW1 given that many countries had it only until the 1940s, and this was just their misunderstanding.
(c) Does the First World War improve Europe[S+K](7 marks)
I agree to a small extent.
It was true that as Source F shows, feminist movements were not popular in Eastern and Southern Europe before WW1 but the world war led to ‘breakthroughs’ in many countries and hence ‘women had been given the vote in most of Europe’. This helped raise women’s status and promote gender equality, giving good impact.
Also, from my own knowledge, there were frequent racial conflicts in Europe before WW1, including the Sarajevo Incident (1914). But after WW1, the powers proposed the principle of ‘national self-determination’ and established small nation states such as Poland. This facilitated national unity and created a better Europe.
Moreover, there was no international peacekeeping organization before WW1, but the powers established the League of Nations after WW1 to settle disputes, including the Italian bombardment of Corfu Island that was stopped in 1923. It helped resolving conflicts and created a better Europe.
Furthermore, the arms race was severe before WW1 but had abated after the war due to strict arms control on defeated countries. For example, Germany was required to limit its army to 100000 men, and the Fourteen Points also included the suggestion of arms reduction. These alleviated the problem of arms race and helped create a better Europe.
However, the First World War did not make Europe a better place to a large extent.
From Source E, France saw it as ‘our affair’ when there was war back ‘then’ but it claimed the peace to be ‘my affair’ when there was no war ‘now’ in 1923 and ignored all ‘suggestions’, ‘ideas’ and ‘hints’ of other countries. In other words, although there was no war in 1923, the power became increasingly uncooperative and Europe did not become better.
From Source F, in terms of women’s suffrage, many European countries did not grant their female citizens right to vote after the First World War. For example, ‘France extended the franchise to women only in 1944’, and Italy and Romania were also being late. Therefore, the positive impact of the First World War on women’s status was limited and should not be overestimated.
From Source F, there was no big improvement in gender inequality before and after the world war since ‘society was still completely male-dominated’ and women ‘remained largely discriminated against’. Be it in Britain or in France, women still could not enjoy equal status with men. The positive impact of the First World War should thus not be overestimated.
From my own knowledge, there was a balance of power in Europe between Britain, France, Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary, but the First World War led to the collapse of the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, and establishment of many small nation states. This gave rise to the power vacuum in Eastern and Southern Europe and made it easier for future aggressors to start a war. It paved the way for another world war and did not create a better Europe.
In addition, totalitarianism was not popular in Europe before WW1, but the world war led to the collapse of Russia and establishment of the communist Soviet Union. Also, the post-war arrangements upset Germany and Italy, being an important cause of Mussolini’s accession to power in Italy in 1922 and Hitler’s early rise. It was clear that WW1 did not create a better Europe but brought about a plague of totalitarianism there and caused much harm.
Although the First World War had good impact in some ways, but it was not to be overestimated. In fact, the unfavourable situation caused by WW1 not only made European countries more distant but also gave rise to totalitarianism that was harmful to the continent’s development. Therefore, the world war created a better Europe to a small extent only.
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