注意：此題目原是DSE歷屆試題，但為免侵犯版權，題目經過修改，同學可以按試題之年份及題號自行查閱原題目。以下內容乃K.W.Ho之補習教材，於課堂教授，內容乃配合K.W.Ho之答題方法及風格所製作，同時內容可能有錯誤之處以供在課堂上糾正。非補習學生在未有得到課堂教學的情況下錯誤使用，恕不負責，同學請敬請留意。
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(a) 童軍的性質為何(4分)
性質是愛國的。童軍之父羅伯特指童軍的座右銘是「國為先，己為後」，並說「倘若你們這些男孩能視自己國家的福祉為首要之事，則我們的帝國將安然延續下去」。可見他認為童軍是要將國家福祉視為最重要的事，自己的事務並不及國家事務重要，性質是愛國的。
性質是為他人奉獻的。羅伯特指「讓國旗飄揚不落，將是你們每一個人的事，即使要為此為灑血」，可見他認為童軍是需要為他人奉獻自己的，即使需要付出自己性命也在所不惜，童軍的性質是為他人奉獻的。
(b) 辯論雙方在討論三國協約的關注點是什麼？(3分)
雙方的關注點是對歐洲和平的影響。
正方指「我們當前這項政策錯判形勢，使我們失去了與德國和解的可能」，並擔心會令「歐洲造成一場惡夢」，可見正方關注三國協約對歐洲和平構成的負面影響，擔心會破壞與德國的關係，最終損害了歐洲的和平與穩定。
反方指只要三國協約「能促進歐洲和平，就已經構成足夠的存在理據」，並且指「沒有它，戰爭將無可避免」，可見反方關注三國協約對於和平所帶來了正面影響，認為三國協約是必須要存在以減低戰爭爆發的風險，有助促進和平。
(c) 你是否同意歐洲的民族主義不一定會導致大戰爆發？[S+K](8分)
民族主義在大程度上必然導致大戰的爆發。
儘管，資料F能夠反映民族主義不一定使大戰爆發。資料F中支持辯題的觀眾達96人，多於反對辯題的60人，反映英國民眾傾向認為「三國協約是英國一項不必要的政策」，這有助緩和英國與三國同盟國家間的民族鬥爭，使大戰不一定會爆發。
而且，資料F中反方指「擴張是德國必然採取的政策。要應付這個以及其他危險，三國協約是必須的。沒有它，戰爭將無可避免」。在德國必定會擴張的大前提下，英國人為捍衛國家利益，故支持成立三國協約以締造勢力均衡的局面，避免戰爭爆發。上述反映了英國為捍衛國家利益的民族主義也有助使大戰並不一定爆發。
事實上，歐洲各地的民族主義已經使大戰爆發變得必然。
參考資料E，童軍手冊指出「倘若你們這些男孩能視自己國家的福祉為首要之事，則我們的帝國將安然延續下去。」，更強調「如果你們不這麼做，則我們將危在旦夕，因為我們的外敵眾多，而他們又日益強大」，可見英國強調國民為國奉獻、犧牲，使國民盲目服從，更視外國為假想敵，此一激進的民族主義成為開戰的動力，使大戰爆發變得必然。
資料E中，童軍手冊要求童軍「讓國旗飄揚不落，將是你們每一個人的事，即使要為此為灑血，一如你們的先輩所做的」，換言之，暗示童軍們要以戰爭方式捍衛國家，令國家屹立不倒。上述主張以戰爭方式以捍衛國家利益的民族主義也自然令大戰變得難以避免。
就我所知，德國基於泛日耳曼主義而支持擁有1/3日耳曼人的奧匈，於塞拉耶佛危機時，德國基於民族情懷而不惜開出「空白支票」以支持奧匈。結果，令奧匈開戰信心大增，使奧塞戰爭在所難免。
再者，俄國作為「斯拉夫民族的兄長」，有責任和義務幫助斯拉夫民族分支的塞爾維亞。在塞拉耶佛危機中，俄國為保塞爾維亞安危而第一個國家宣布總動員，結果增加了塞爾維亞開戰的信心，同時也令局勢變得無可挽回，大戰爆發已不能避免。
而且，法國於1871年普法戰爭敗予德國，對德國產生出復仇主義，一直伺機報復德國，戰爭種子早已埋下。於塞拉耶佛危機後，法國總統和總理訪問俄國，明確表示支持俄國對抗德國。結果，俄國開戰信心大增，法國也因此而捲入戰爭，大戰已經是勢所難免。
此外，塞爾維亞的「大塞爾維亞主義」希望攫取更多的國土，對於奧匈在巴爾幹的擴張早有仇恨。至1914年奧匈皇儲斐迪南到波黑首都塞拉耶佛閱兵，更加是挑動塞爾維亞的神經，塞爾維亞極端民族主義分子刺殺了皇儲，結果使奧匈舉國震怒，必定會以嚴厲方式以懲罰塞爾維亞。因此，塞拉耶佛危機必然成為大戰爆發的導火線，無可阻擋。
總括而言，儘管英國的民族主義不一定導致大戰的爆發。然而，綜觀歐洲各地的民族主義，民族間的競爭熾熱，敵對仇視已久，大戰種子已經一早埋下。因此，大戰的爆發在民族主義的影響下是大程度上必然發生的。
(a) What are the natures of scout? (4 marks)
Scouting was patriotic in nature. According to Robert Baden-Powell, father of modern scouting, the motto of scouting was ‘country first, self second’. He also claimed that their Empire ‘would go on all right’ when ‘you boys would keep the well-being of your country in your eyes above everything else. Apparently, he expected scouts to consider the country’s well-being their first priority and their own business second to the country. Patriotism was therefore a nature of scouting.
Scouting was also self-sacrificing in nature. Robert pointed out that ‘it was going to be the business of every one of you to keep our national flag flying, even if you have to bleed for it’. He thought that scouts should give up what they had - and even their lives - for other people. The quality of self-sacrificing was therefore another nature of scouting.
(b) What are the concern of the both sides when discussing over Triple Entente? (3 marks)
Their common concern was the impact on peace in Europe.
The ‘for’ side argued that the ‘present misguided policy was making a reconciliation with Germany impossible’ and worried that it would ‘produce a nightmare in Europe’. They were concerned about the negative impact of the Triple Entente on peace in Europe and the deterioration of their relations with Germany that would eventually undermine peace and stability in the continent.
The ‘against’ side claimed that there was ‘ample justification’ as long as the Tripe Entente ‘contributed to European peace’, and that ‘without it war would be inevitable’. Their concern was the positive impact of the Triple Entente on peace in Europe as they thought the Triple Entente was necessary to lower the risk of war and promote peace.
(c) Do you agree that nationalism does not necessarily lead to the Great War? [S+K] (8 marks)
To a large extent, nationalism inevitably led to the outbreak of a general war.
It was true that Source F showed nationalism did not necessarily lead to a general war. According to Source F, 96 people among the audience voted for the motion while only 60 of them voted against it. This showed the British people tended to think that ‘the Triple Entente was an unnecessary policy of Britain’, an idea that would neutralize the nationalist conflict between Britain and the Triple Alliance and make the outbreak of a general war no longer inevitable.
Also, from Source F, the ‘against’ side claimed that ‘for Germany the one necessary policy was expansion’, and ‘to meet that and other dangers, the Entente was essential and without it war would be inevitable’. On the premise that Germany would definitely carry out territorial expansion, the British people supported the establishment of the Triple Entente to create a balance of power and prevent war for the sake of their national interests. This showed that British nationalism for national interests did not necessarily lead to a general war.
Nevertheless, the fact was widespread nationalism across Europe made the outbreak of a general war inevitable.
From Source E, the scout handbook said their Empire ‘would go on all right’ as long as ‘you boys’ kept ‘the well-being of your country in your eyes above everything else’, and stressed that there would be ‘very great danger’ if they failed to do so since they had ‘many enemies abroad’ that were ‘growing daily stronger and stronger’. Apparently, Britain emphasized sacrifice for the country and demanded unconditional obedience from its people. Such extreme nationalism worried other countries and became a driving force that made a general war inevitable.
From Source E, the handbook also asked every scout to ‘keep our national flag flying’ and claimed it was ‘the business of everyone. It demanded all scouts to achieve this ‘even if you have to bleed for it’ in the way ‘your forefathers did before you’. In other words, scouts had to protect their nation from collapsing by means of war. This kind of nationalism that advocated war as a way to defend national interests would also make a general war inevitable.
From my own knowledge, Germany supported Austria-Hungary with 1/3 of its population being ethnic Germans due to Pan-Germanism. During the Sarajevo Incident, Germany even offered Austria-Hungary the ‘blank cheque’ out of nationalist concern. By boosting the confidence of the Austro-Hungarians, this made the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia inevitable.
Also, as the ‘Big Brother of the Slavs’, Russia felt the responsibility and obligation to help Serbia as part of the Slav family. During the Sarajevo Incident, Russia was the first country to announce a general mobilization in order to protect Serbia. By boosting the confidence of the Serbians, this brought the situation to a point of no return and made it impossible to prevent the outbreak of a general war.
In addition, French Revanchism against Germany was on the rise after France was defeated by Germany in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871. The French had been waiting for a chance to take revenge on Germany and the seeds of war were sown long before it happened. After the Sarajevo Incident, the President and Prime Minister of France visited Russia and showed support for the country against Germany. As a result, Russia became more confident of starting a war and France was embroiled in it. The outbreak of a general war was already inevitable at that time.
Moreover, Serbia also started the Greater Serbia Movement with a view to expanding its territory and had been resentful about the Austro-Hungarian territorial expansion in the Balkans. In 1914, the Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive to the throne Archduke Ferdinand visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, for a military parade. Provoked by the visit, an extreme Serb nationalist assassinated the archduke. This assassination made Austria-Hungary determined to punish Serbia harshly and triggered the world war that was no longer preventable.
In conclusion, British nationalism did not necessarily lead to a general war, but other kinds of nationalism across Europe created fierce competitions as well as hostility between different races, and it sowed the seeds of a general war. Therefore, under the influence of nationalism, the outbreak of a general war was inevitable to a large extent.
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