以下內容乃K.W.Ho之補習教材，於課堂教授，內容乃配合K.W.Ho之答題方法及風格所製作，同時內容可能有錯誤之處以供在課堂上糾正。非補習學生在未有得到課堂教學的情況下錯誤使用，恕不負責，同學請敬請留意。
【Free】6000頁筆記及60份5**考卷免費使用：按此
Youtube教學：按此
_________________________________________________________________________
「冷戰期間，美﹑蘇兩國導致了衝突而非合作的出現。」試參考1945-1991年間的史實，評論此說能否成立。
架構 美﹑蘇兩國於冷戰期間的鬥爭雖然導致了國際間於外交及軍事方面的衝突，但也締造了經濟﹑軍事等方面的合作。 // 立場因此，美﹑蘇兩國不但導致了衝突的出現，同時也帶來了合作，故題目所言只能在部分程度上成立。
主旨句 其一，美﹑蘇兩國的鬥爭導致了外交上的衝突出現。 // 內文美﹑蘇兩國互相猜忌﹑互相抗衡，終致一連串外交衝突的出現，如1948年蘇聯恐懼英﹑法﹑美三國合併西德及於西德進行政治及貨幣改革，因而對西柏林進行封鎖，終令美國為首的西方國家強烈不滿，導致「柏林危機」的出現。此外，兩國的鬥爭於1962年再進一步惡化，因蘇聯試圖於古巴建立導彈基地，令美國認為其國土受到嚴重的威脅，雙方更因「古巴導彈危機」而進入備戰狀態，戰事幾乎一觸即發。雖然於冷戰期間，雙方並未有爆發直接的戰事，但卻導致了多次外交風波及衝突的出現，惡化了國際局勢。 // 小結可見，美﹑蘇兩國導致了外交衝突的出現。
其二，美﹑蘇兩國支持不同的意識形態陣營，導致了軍事上的衝突出現。美﹑蘇兩國為擴大及捍衛己方陣營的利益，紛紛支持其他國家的所屬派別，如美國支持同屬資本主義陣營的中國國民黨﹑南韓及南越；蘇聯則支持共產主義思想的中國共產黨﹑北韓和北越，雙方更不惜提供軍事援助，使軍事衝突國際化，如於中國第二次國共內戰前夕，蘇聯將於二次大戰中繳獲的日本軍備給予中國共產黨，美國也希望透過援助國民黨以抗衡共產主義的擴張，終成為國﹑共衝突的催化劑，使戰事爆發。其後，於越戰中，美國更於1965年起大量派軍支持南越對抗共產主義的北越，使越戰由地區性戰爭升級為國際衝突。可見，美﹑蘇兩國的鬥爭導致了軍事衝突出現。
儘管美﹑蘇兩國於冷戰期間導致多次外交及軍事衝突的出現，然而，亦不能忽視兩國對於締造合作出現的貢獻。
美﹑蘇兩國的支援行動促成了國際經濟合作的出現。由於美國恐懼共產主義會乘戰後的惡劣經濟環境而迅速傳播，故於戰後積極援助歐洲國家重建經濟，如美國於1948年推出馬歇爾計劃，撥款130億美元以助歐洲重建經濟。為了有效分配馬歇爾計劃的經濟援助，歐洲國家組成立了歐洲經濟合作組織(1948年)，成為歐洲經濟統合的開端，大大有助經濟合作的出現。同時，蘇聯為抗衡美國對西歐國家的經濟援助，也推行了莫洛托夫計劃(1947年)及成立經濟互助委員會(1949年)，以加強對東歐國家的援助，導致了東歐國家也開始了經濟方面的合作。可見，美﹑蘇兩國的鬥爭反有助歐洲經濟合作的出現，並非一面倒是導致衝突。
此外，美、蘇的鬥爭有助軍事組織的形成，加強陣營間的合作。美、蘇兩國對對方的軍事實力均抱有顧忌，深恐一旦爆發戰爭會處於不利的狀態。因此，兩國積極拉攏其他國家，建立同盟關係，使軍事同盟的成立，如美國於柏林危機(1948-49年)中成立北大西洋公約組織，以加強美國與西歐國家的軍事合作。往後，當西德於1955年加入北約時，蘇聯亦與東歐國家建立華沙公約組織，以進一步團結東歐的共產主義勢力，以抗衡北約。儘管北約與華沙公約組織的對立使雙方關係更加緊張，但軍事同盟的成立就有助加強陣營內的合作，如美國在1983年提出「星戰計劃」，與北約及多個友國聯合發展太空攔截導彈的計劃，故促進了軍事上的合作出現。可見，美、蘇兩國推動了己方陣營於軍事上的合作，更建立起盟友關係。
再者，美、蘇兩國在軍事方面也有合作，使合作在和諧的氣氛下出現。踏入1960年代，隨著法國和中國於1960年及1964年成功試爆核裝置，美﹑蘇擔心更多國家擁有核武會破壞其原有的軍力優勢。因此，兩國於1966年進行秘密談判，最終達成《不擴散核武器條約》(1968年)，並且多達59個國家簽訂此條約，締造了限制核武備的國際合作。此外，為進一步達成限制武備方面的合作，美﹑蘇自1969年起舉行限制戰略武器會議，雖然第二期限制戰略武器會議的成果隨著蘇聯於1979年入侵阿富汗入侵而告終，但也不能忽視美﹑蘇曾經達成的軍事合作。此外，美﹑蘇於1970年代關係緩和期間也出現了首次的太空聯合任務(1975年)，兩國太空船對接並進行科學實驗，成為人類首次於太空上的合作計劃。可見，美﹑蘇兩國於軍事及太空方面存有合作，雖然合作範疇狹隘及存有局限，但也不能抹殺其成果。
總括而言，美﹑蘇於冷戰期間一方面導致了國際衝突的出現，同時也帶來了合作的局面，並非如題目所言般只導致了衝突而非合作。因此題目只能在部分程度上成立，不能偏頗於衝突或合作的任何一方。
‘During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union brought about international conflicts rather than cooperation.’ Comment on the validity of this statement with reference to the period 1945-91.
During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union brought about international diplomatic and military conflicts. However, they also brought about economic and military cooperation. Thus, the US and USSR brought about international conflicts as well as cooperation. To a certain extent, this statement is valid.
Firstly, the US and USSR brought about diplomatic conflicts. Mutual distrust and confrontation between the US and USSR led to several diplomatic conflicts. For example, Britain, France and the US tried to integrate West Germany and impose political and monetary reforms in West Germany. The USSR then blocked West Berlin because of fear. It led to Western countries’ discontent, thus resulting in Berlin Crisis柏林危機. Moreover, the US-USSR relationship worsened in 1962. Since the USSR attempted to set up nuclear missile bases in Cuba, it threatened the US. The US and USSR prepared for war owing to the Cuban Missile Crisis古巴導彈危機. A war was nearly broke out. Undoubtedly, there was no direct war between the US and USSR during the Cold War. However, several diplomatic conflicts worsened the international situation. It showed that the US and USSR led to diplomatic conflicts.
Secondly, the US and USSR supported different ideological blocs, thus resulting in military conflicts. Since the US and USSR tried to expand and protect their blocs’ interest, they supported other countries of their own bloc respectively. For example, the US supported KMT in China, South Korea and South Vietnam. On the other hand, the USSR supported CPC in China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Moreover, they even provided military aids which internationalized military conflicts. For example, the USSR seized Japanese military weapons during WW2, and gave CPC before the Chinese Civil War國共內戰. On the other hand, the US assisted KMT in order to counter communism. It catalyzed conflicts between KMT and CPC, thus resulting in Chinese Civil War. Furthermore, the US sent troops to support South Vietnam in 1965 in order to confront North Vietnam in the Vietnam War越戰. It was developed from a local war to an international conflict. It showed that the US and USSR caused military conflicts.
Undoubtedly, the US and USSR brought about international diplomatic and military conflicts. However, they also brought about cooperation.
Firstly, the US and USSR provided assistance which facilitated the emergence of international economic cooperation. Since the US feared the spread of communism under poor economic situation, she actively supported the reconstruction of European economy. For instance, the US implemented the Marshall Plan馬歇爾計劃, which offered a loan of 13 billion to assist European countries, in 1948. In a bid to allocate the Marshall Plan’s economic aid effectively, European countries formed the Organization for European Economic Co-operation(OEEC)歐洲經濟合作組織(1948). It marked the beginning of European economic integration and facilitated the emergence of economic cooperation. On the other hand, the USSR imposed the Molotov Plan莫洛托夫計劃(1947) and established the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance(COMECONE)經濟互助委員會(1949) in order to counter the US’s economic aid. It provided more assistance to Eastern European countries, thus resulting in economic cooperation. It showed that conflicts between the US and USSR facilitated the emergence of international economic cooperation.
Secondly, conflicts between the US and USSR facilitated the emergence of international military organizations which enhanced blocs’ cooperation respectively. They had great military strength so that they suspicioned each other. They were afraid that they would lose advantages in case of war. Consequently, the US and USSR actively formed alliances with other countries respectively. It led to the formation of military alliances. For example, the US formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)北大西洋公約組織 after the Berlin Crisis柏林危機(1948-1949) in order to enhance military cooperation between the US and other Western European countries. Later, when West Germany joined the NATO in 1955, the USSR established the Warsaw Pact華沙公約組織 with Eastern European countries. It consolidated communist bloc so as to confront the NATO. It was doubtless that the confrontation between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact made situation become hostility. Yet, the formation of military organizations enhanced cooperation of their own bloc. For example, the US introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative(SDI)星戰計劃 in 1983; NATO members united to do research on space interception technology. It facilitated military cooperation. It showed that the US and USSR facilitated military cooperation of their own bloc and formed military alliances.
Thirdly, the US and USSR brought about military cooperation. As France and China tested nuclear weapons in 1960 and 1964 respectively, the US and USSR worried that they would lose military advantages when more countries possessed of nuclear weapons. Thus, they called secret meetings in 1966 and signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty不擴散核武器條約(1968) with other 59 countries. It marked the beginning of international cooperation toward nuclear weapons disarmament. Furthermore, with a view to facilitating disarmament cooperation, the US and USSR held SALTs限制戰略武器會議 since 1969. As the USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979, SALT II第二期限制戰略武器會議 thus ended without making any achievement. However, it was doubtless that the US-USSR military cooperation has reached. Moreover, during the détente (1970s), they held the American-Soviet Joint Space Mission太空聯合任務(1975). Spaceships of both countries jointed and proceeded experiments. It was the first cooperation program in space. It shows that there were military and space technological cooperation between the US and USSR. Although cooperation existed limitations, achievements should not been neglected.
In conclusion, the United States and the Soviet Union brought about international conflicts. They brought about cooperation as well. Thus, to a certain extent, this statement is valid.
コメント