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原題目題號：DSE-2016-Essay-01
中國因素在什麼程度上塑造了1967-97年間香港的政治發展？
背景 經過了一個半世紀英國的殖民地管治，香港於1997回歸中國。 // 立場及架構 在1967-97年間，中國因素成為了塑造香港政治發展的最主要因素，因中國的局勢、政策、意識形態等因素均對香港政治發展起了舉足輕重的作用，其重要性大於英國因素和香港因素。因此，題目所言確能成立。
主旨句 中國局勢大大影響著香港政治的發展。 // 主項重要性 中國的政治局勢與香港的政治發展息息相關，例如中國在1966年起爆發文化大革命，紅衛兵風起群湧地批鬥走資派，而以工聯會為首的香港左派勢力亦呼應祖國的號召，發起罷工、遊行、示威，反抗英國此資本主義國家的殖民地管治。最終，為紓緩港人的不滿聲音，港英政府在事後大量增加與市民溝通的渠道，例如於1968年推行「民政主任計劃」，把香港與九龍劃分為10個區域，在各區設立民政處以收集民意；又於1982年進行首次區議會選舉，允許21歲或以上並同時在港住滿7年的香港永久性居民擁有投票權，推動了香港地區政治的發展。此外，中國局勢間接促使了民主派陣營的政黨於1990年代深受港人支持，因1989年中國高壓鎮壓八九民運的事件令港人對中國的管治深感恐懼，故更加支持民主派陣營，希望藉民主派人士以爭取提高香港的民主程度，避免回歸後陷入中國的專制管治，結果導致1991年立法局選舉，18名直選議員中就多達14名是來自民主派陣營。 // 小結 可見，中國局勢推動了香港地區政治的發展和民主派議員獲得港人支持。
中國政策因素也影響著香港政治的發展。由於中國希望收回對於香港的主權管治，因此在1982年開始與英國就香港的前途問題進行談判，並最終在1984年達成《中英聯合聲明》，確定香港將會於1997年回歸中國，並訂立了「一國兩制」及「港人治港」等原則。在一國兩制方面，為了確保香港回歸後不會受到中國的專制管治，英國政府加快香港代議政制的發展，希望將民主植根於香港，例如在1985年分別於立法局進行首次間接選舉及在區議會取消了全部的官守議席，提高立法局及區議會的人民代表性。及後，港督彭定康更於1992年推出政改方案，大幅改革立法局，全部60個議席均改由選舉產生，大大加快了香港政治的民主化步伐。在港人治港方面，為培訓回歸後的領導班子，港英政府逐步委任華人出任司級官員之職，例如陳方安生和曾蔭權分別先後於1993年及1995年出任布政司及財政司。至香港於1997年回歸後，華人董建華成為了首任香港特首，至於司級官員也全由華人出任。可見，中國的政策因素加速了香港民主化改革及公務員本地化的進程。
中國意識形態因素也影響著香港政治的發展。由於中國是共產主義國家，主張一黨專政，權力屬於黨所有，故中國透過直接及間接的方式加強對香港政治的控制，令香港政治變得更加專制。在直接方面，隨著中國對於彭定康的1992年政改方案(其中立法局60席全部經由選舉產生)不滿，認為立法局的民選成份過高，擔心令影響到往後建制派在立法會的地方，故在1996年另籌「臨時立法會」，並於1997年回歸後取締了1995年所選出的立法局議員，導致該批議員被迫「下車」，改變了香港政治歷史的發展。此外，間接方面，中國積極支援在港的親中派別發展，包括民建聯及工聯會等。在中國籌組的「臨時立法會」(1996年)中，建制派便佔了大多數，更成為了首屆回歸後的立法局議員。更甚，臨立會在回歸後隨即在通過了《立法會條例》(1997年)，修訂了功能組別議席，令立法會先天性受建制派控制，任何議案在不得中國首肯下，就必然會在分組點票時被否決，確保了中國對香港政治的控制。可見，中國的意識形態因素間接和直接令到香港政治變得更加專制。
雖然英國因素及香港因素也影響了香港政治的發展，但重要性不及中國因素。
主旨句 英國因素也是塑造香港政治發展的成因之一。 // 他項重要性 於1997年香港回歸前，英國政府對於香港的發展有著全部的決策權，直接影響了香港政治的發展，例如在1980年代前，英國政府無意提高香港的民主成份，故當時未有出現大規模的代議政制改革，但至1980年代，英國政府推動代議政制改革，才使立法局能夠引入選舉，至1992年英國政府更准許港督彭定康革新立法局，把1995年立法局全數60席改由選舉產生，大大提高了立法局的代表性。 // 小結 可見，英國政府對於香港政治發展有著直接的影響力。
主旨句 然而，中國因素較英國因素更加重要。// 駁論 就因果關係而言，中國因素導致了英國政府進行代議政制改革。過往英國並不希望下放權力予華人，因英國政府恐懼會影響到其殖民統治，故未有在立法局引入選舉。然而，至香港即將回歸到中國的管治，英國政府為了提高香港的民主程度，以免香港回歸後受到中國的專制管治，故大力推動代議政制改革，甚至准許彭定康1992年的政改方案，將全部立法局議席改由選舉產生。 // 小結 因此，中國因素是導致英國政府改革香港政治的主因，也是塑造香港政治發展的最重要因素。
香港因素也是左右香港政治發展的成因之一。由於香港在1966-67年爆發「六七暴動」，令港英政府進行地區政治的改革，包括提出「民政主任計劃」(1968年)等，以紓緩港人的不滿。加上，由於港人希望落實「港人治港」的方針，故在1980年代起積極組成政黨以晉身立法局及參加區議會選舉，例如成立匯點(1983年)、港同盟(1990年)等，使政黨於1980年後遍地開花。可見，香港本地因素也是影響香港政治發展的重要力量。
然而，中國因素的重要性大於香港因素。就因果關係而言，中國因素是導致香港「六七暴動」出現的原因。由於中國在1966年起爆發「文化大革命」，結果在港的左派勢力響應中國號召，才引致「六七暴動」的出現。此外，同樣就因果關係而言，中國因素才是港人能夠全面參與香港政治的主因。因中國與英國確立了「港人治港」的原則，並且導致英國推行代議政制改革，才使港人活躍起來，成立組黨以參與選舉，故中國因素才是影響香港政治發展的根本因素。因此，中國因素才是塑造香港政治發展的主因。
總括而言，雖然英國因素及香港因素也是塑造香港政治發展的成因，但重要性遠遠不及中國因素。至1997年香港回歸後，中國對香港政治更有著全部的決策權，對香港政治發展起了舉足輕重的影響。
To what extent was Hong Kong’s political development in the period 1967-97 shaped by the China factor?
After one and a half century of British colonial rule, Hong Kong was finally handed over to China in 1997. In 1967-97, the China factor had been the most important factor that shaped Hong Kong’s political development. Great influence was made by the Situation, policies, ideologies of China which had greater importance than the Britain factor and Hong Kong factor. Therefore, the statement is valid.
Situation of China greatly affected the Hong Kong political development. The political situation of China was closely related to that of Hong Kong. For instance, the Cultural Revolution broke out in China in 1966. Red Guards purged the capitalist roaders. The leftist wing led by Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions工聯會 echoed with the advocate of its mother land. People went on strike, march and protest to fight against the colonial rule of capitalist countries such as Britain. Eventually, in order to cease the discontent of Hong Kong people, the British colonial government greatly increased the communication channel with citizens. For instance, in 1968, City District Councilor Scheme民政主任計劃 was launched which divided Hong Kong and Kowloon into 10 areas. District offices民政處 were established to collect the public opinions; in 1982, the first District Council election區議會選舉 was launched in 1982 which allowed Hong Kong permanent residents who aged 21 or above and lived in Hong Kong for more than 7 years the rights to vote. It fostered the development of Hong Kong regional politics. Apart from that, the situation of China indirectly sparked the support of Hong Kong people towards the democratic political parties in the 1990s. Due to the crackdown of China during the 1989 Democracy Movement八九民運, Hong Kong people were fear of the ruling of China and hence supported more on democratic camp. They hoped that the democrats could help strive for democracy in Hong Kong and prevented it from falling into the authoritarian rule of China after handover. This led to the Legislative Council election in 1991. Among 18 directly elected members, 14 of them are from the pan-democratic camp. This showed that the situation of China fostered the development of regional politics of Hong Kong and allowed democratic councilors to obtain support from local people.
The policy of China affected the Hong Kong political development. China would like to get back the sovereignty of Hong Kong and hence started the negotiation with Britain in 1982 concerning the future of Hong Kong. Eventually, in 1984, the Sino-British Joint Declaration中英聯合聲明 was formed and it was certain that Hong Kong would be returned to China in 1997. Principles such as One-Country-Two-Systems一國兩制and Hong Kong People Ruling Hong Kong港人治港 were established. In the aspect of One-Country-Two-Systems, in order to make sure that Hong Kong would not be put under the authoritarian rule of China, the British government sped up the process of establishing a representative government in Hong Kong and pushed hard for a firmly established democracy in this city. For instance, the first indirect election of the Legislative Council was held and all official seats官守議席 in the District Council were abolished in 1985 with the aim of raising the representativeness of the two councils. After that, Governor Chris Patten彭定康 implemented his plan of political reform in 1992. He restructured the Legislative Council and changed all 60 seats into elected seats. This greatly sped up the democratization of Hong Kong politics. In the aspect of Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong, in order to nurture the ruling class after the return of sovereignty, the British colonial government gradually appointed Chinese to be the Chief Secretary and the Financial Secretary. For instance, Anson Chan陳方安生 and Donald Tsang曾蔭權 were appointed as Chief Secretary and Financial Secretary respectively in 1993 and 1995. Until the reunification in 1997, a Chinese, Tung Chee-hwa董建華, became the first Chief Executive. Posts of senior government officials were taken up by Chinese. This showed that the Chinese factors accelerated the process of democratization and localization of civil servants in Hong Kong.
The Chinese ideological factors affected the development of Hong Kong politics. China is a communist state that advocates one-party dictatorship. All of power was belonged to the party. Hence, China used direct and indirect methods to increase the control towards Hong Kong politics, making it even more authoritarian. In the direct influence, China was discontented with the reform package introduced by Chris Pattern彭定康 in 1992 (in which the 60 seats of Legislative Council were wholly elected) as China thought that the electoral element of the Legislative Council was too high. It worried that such arrangement would affect the seats occupied by pan-establishment camp. Hence, the Provincial Legislative Council臨時立法會 was formed in 1996. After the handover in 1997, this council replaced the legislative councilors elected in 1995 which forced some of them to ‘get off the train下車’. This directly changed the political history of Hong Kong. Apart from that, in the indirect influences, China actively supported the development of pan-establishment parties in Hong Kong, including Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong, and Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions. In the Provincial Legislative Council臨時立法會(1996) organized by China, the pan-establishment camp was the majority. They later became the first batch of Legislative Council after the handover. Moreover, the Provincial Legislative Council passed the Legislative Council Ordinance立法會條例(1997) right after the return. Functional constituency功能組別議席 was revised which allowed the Legislative Council to be controlled by the pan-establishment camp at the first place. All the proposals could not be passed without the consent of China. China could effectively control the politics of Hong Kong as the proposals were banned in the counting of votes. This showed the Chinese ideological factors could make the politics of Hong Kong to be more authoritarian directly and indirectly.
The Britain factor and Hong Kong factor also affected Hong Kong’s political development but they were less important than the China factor.
The Britain factor was also involved in shaping Hong Kong’s political development. Before the handover of 1997, the British government held absolute decision-making power over Hong Kong and directly influenced its political development. For example, the British had no intention of adding democratic elements into Hong Kong’s political system before the 1980s and there was no extensive reform introducing a representative government. It was not until the 1980s when the British started the reform and launched Legislative Council elections. In 1992, the British government permitted Governor Chris Patten彭定康 to transform the Legislative Council and to change all the 60 seats into elected ones in 1995, boosting the representativeness of the Council. Therefore, the British government had direct influence upon Hong Kong’s political development.
But the China factor was more important than the Britain one. In terms of cause-result relationship, the China factor led to the British government’s attempts at representative government. In the past, the British were reluctant to grant power to the Chinese as they worried that this would work against its colonial administration. There was thus no election for the Legislative Council. However, when the handover of Hong Kong to China was scheduled, the British government pushed forward the reform of Hong Kong’s political system in order to make Hong Kong a more democratic city and prevent it from coming under Chinese autocratic rule. The British even accepted the political reform proposal suggested by Chris Patten in 1992 and changed all seats of the Legislative Council into elected seats. Therefore, the China factor was the determinant of British attempts at political reform and it was the most important factor in shaping the city’s political development.
The Hong Kong factor was also one of the factors affecting the development of Hong Kong politics. Hong Kong 1967 Leftist riots broke out in Hong Kong in 1966-67 which prompted the British colonial government to reform the regional politics. It included the implementation of City District Councilor Scheme民政主任計劃(1968) so as to reduce the discontent of local people. Also, Hong Kong people longed for the implementation of ‘Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong港人治港’. They enthusiastically formed political parties starting from the 1980s, including the Meeting Point匯點(1983) and the United Democrats of Hong Kong港同盟(1990), with the aim of entering the Legislative Council and standing for the District Council elections. This led to the proliferation of political parties after 1980. Therefore, the local factor was also an important motivational force for Hong Kong’s political development.
However, the Chinese factor was more important than the Hong Kong factor. In the casual relationship, the Chinese factor was the major reason leading to the occurrence of Hong Kong 1967 Leftist riots. The Cultural Revolution broke out in 1966, which motivated the leftist forces in Hong Kong to echo with the movement. It resulted in the Hong Kong 1967 Riots. Apart from that, in terms of causality, the China factor was the main reason for Hong Kongers’ full political participation. It was China that established the principle of ‘Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong’ with Britain and motivated British reform in political system. These fueled the enthusiasm of Hong Kong people who were inspired to form political parties and to stand for elections. The China factor was therefore the fundamental factor that affected Hong Kong’s political development. Therefore, the China factor was the chief factor that shaped Hong Kong’s political development.
In conclusion, although the Britain factor and Hong Kong factor also shaped Hong Kong’s political development, they were far less important than the China factor. After the handover of 1997, China even had absolute power over the decision-making process involved in Hong Kong’s politics, exerting significant effect on the city’s political development.
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