注意：此題目原是DSE歷屆試題，但為免侵犯版權，題目經過修改，同學可以按試題之年份及題號自行查閱原題目。以下內容乃K.W.Ho之補習教材，於課堂教授，內容乃配合K.W.Ho之答題方法及風格所製作，同時內容可能有錯誤之處以供在課堂上糾正。非補習學生在未有得到課堂教學的情況下錯誤使用，恕不負責，同學請敬請留意。
【Free】6000頁筆記及60份5**考卷免費使用：按此
Youtube教學：按此
_________________________________________________________________________
原題目題號：DSE-2017-Essay-01
探討香港與中國在20世紀上半葉關係的特徵。
香港雖然於1842年後割讓英國，成為英國的殖民地。然而，由於香港是華人社會，同時與中國地理相近，香港與中國的關係是密不可分。在政治上，香港是中國的革命基地、愛國運動及抗日戰爭的支援地，中國也是香港勞工運動的煽動地；經濟上，香港是中國的重要轉口港；社會上，中港兩地互相依靠；文化上，兩地也是互相交流。以下將就上述各方面逐一討論中港關係的特徵。
政治方面，特徵一是香港是中國的革命基地，推動中國革命事業發展。由於香港是英國的殖民地，位置鄰近中國，但卻不受中國政府的管轄，因此成為了中國革命分子組織革命黨及策劃革命的良好基地。在組織革命黨方面，孫中山早於1895年就在香港成立中國革命組織——興中會總部，及後革命黨人陳少白更於1900年在香港創立《中國日報》以宣揚革命思想，使革命思想開始在香港傳播，試圖擴散至中國內地。在策劃革命方面，由於香港是自由港，革命黨可以輕易從外地購買軍火，並偷運到香港收藏，再運送至起義地點，其中位於屯門的「青山紅樓」就是當年革命黨秘密策略事變及製造炸藥的地點，黃興亦曾駐紅樓，策劃軍事。可見，香港與中國的政治關係緊密，是中國的革命基地。
政治方面，特徵二是中國是香港勞工運動的煽動地，協助香港工人爭取權益。20世紀初，香港就職人口的教育水平較低，大多從事苦力、海員、農民等工作，對於勞工法例較為陌生，鮮有罷工示威等活動。然而，隨著中國的工人運動於1910年代開始萌芽，工人運動的文化開始傳入香港。甚至，在以孫中山為首的國民黨鼓勵香港工人學習歐洲的工人運動，要求訂立勞工法案及工會條例，結果令香港多次罷工浪潮的出現。例如在1921年，「中華海員工業聯合總會」在孫中山的命名下成立，會長陳炳生等領導層全是國民黨員。在國民黨的指導下，總會更於1922年發起了「海員大罷工」，以爭取工人權益。此外，在1925年，受上海工潮影響，國民黨及共產黨人以全國總工會名義，號召香港各工會聯合組成「全港工團聯合會」，進行罷工，結果也引起了「省港大罷工」的出現。可見，兩地關係的特徵是中國是香港工人運動的誘發地，中國勢力與香港工人聯繫密切。
政治方面，特徵三是香港是中國愛國運動及抗日戰爭的支援地。在愛國運動方面，由於香港是華人社會，加上自古是中國的一個部分，因此即使在港英政府的管治，20世紀下半葉的港人仍然十分關注中國的情況，例如在巴黎和會將中國山東利益交予日本後，香港響應中國五四運動，共同擺買日貨，支持國貨，許多學校更採用了反日的書籍《初等論說文範》作為教材，反映港人心繫祖國，響應中國呼籲。在抗日方面，日本發動「九一八事變」(1931年)、「一二八事變」(1932年)及「七七事變」(1937年)，侵略中國後，港人積極支援祖國，包括籌募資金和組成醫療隊到中國內地展開援助，進行救援及抗日行動。及後，至1940年，在中國共產黨的指導下，香港新界原居民子弟更成立了「港九大隊」作為游擊隊，在珠三角一帶協助中國抗日，反映香港積極支援中國事務。可見，兩地關係的特徵是香港是中國愛國運動及抗日戰爭的支援地。
經濟方面，兩地的特徵是香港作為中國的轉口貿易港，經濟往來十分頻繁。香港擁有水深港闊的不凍港，例如維多利亞港，而且港英政府奉行自由港政策，歡迎外國商船來港貿易及停泊，再加上香港位於中國的南方，是大多外國商船到華貿易的必經之地。結果，香港成為了中國的「南大門」，是中國與外國進行貿易的重要中轉站，包括歐洲、東南亞及澳洲等，轉運絲綢、茶葉、陶瓷等。隨著中國工業化及商業化程度日愈提高，香港的轉口貿易日趨發達，例如1898年時，進港船隻噸位為1,325萬噸，但至1927年已經增加至3,687萬噸。受惠於中國與外國的貿易，轉口貿易成為了香港的主要產業。與此同時，香港許多就職人口也受惠於轉口貿易，例如在1931年搬運的苦力就估計有2.5萬人、海員及船工也多達2萬，轉口貿易成為了20世紀上半葉香港的重要經濟支柱。可見，在冷戰出現前，香港與中國的經濟特徵是兩地經濟十分緊密，香港是中國的重要轉口港。
社會方面，兩地關係的特徵是互惠互利，互相依靠。香港與中國在社會上的關係十分密切，在資源上互相協助，香港更是中國同胞的避難所。在資源方面，中國是香港的重要物資供應地，米、肉類、蔬菜等糧食大多由中國進口。此外，在抗日戰爭初期，港人亦心繫內地親友，在能力許可的情況底下郵寄糧食及日用品回鄉接濟親友，彼此互相扶持。在避難方面，香港是內地同胞的避難所。早於辛亥革命前，在香港的革命黨人已經接濟中國的革命黨人，避開清政府追捕。及至日本侵華初期，也有大量內地居民逃難到港，希望避開戰火。至後來1949年中共建國，不少國民黨殘餘勢力和內地的資產家也逃難到港，例如唐翔千(唐英年之父，其紡織廠壟斷了上海的毛紡織生意)於1950年搬到香港，反映香港是中國同胞的避難所。可見，中國與香港的特徵關係是互相依靠、扶持。
文化方面，兩地的特徵是相互交流，十分緊密。在中國透過香港學習西方思想文化方面，自1842年起，香港受英國的殖民地統治，西方思想因此得以於香港擴散，加上西式教育在香港的實行，令香港成為了中國同胞學習外來思想及知識的重要場地。例如孫中山早於1880年代入讀拔萃書室及中央書院，並於香港華人西醫書院學醫，反映中國同胞會透過香港以學習西方知識及文化。另一方面，中國也是香港文化的輸入地，文化交流緊密。由於香港為華人社會，但港英政府對於中華文化並不重視，亦不干預，令中國近代文化得以在香港傳播。例如在粵語電影方面，由於南京政府推行國語政策，禁止在電影中使用方言，令粵語電影進駐香港，引發起香港拍攝粵語電影的熱潮，包括《良心》(1933年)及《傻仔洞房》(1934年)等，反映香港文化受中國的影響而發展。可見，兩地的文化特徵是互相交流文化、知識，往來十分密切。
總括而言，中國與香港的關係十分緊密，從上述政治、經濟、社會及文化等方面均可以反映兩地互相影響、互相扶持。
Examine the characteristics of Hong Kong-China relations in the first half of the 20th century.
Hong Kong was ceased to Britain to be a British colony in 1842. However, Hong Kong is a Chinese society which its location is near China. Thus, there is close relation between Hong Kong and China. Politically, Hong Kong was the base of Chinese revolution and patriotic movement, also the backup during the Sino-Japanese War. Moreover, China was also the incitement of Hong Kong’s labour movement. Economically, Hong Kong is an important entrepot of China. Socially, China and Hong Kong is interdependent. Culturally, there is cultural exchange between the two places. The following will discuss the characteristics of Hong Kong-China relations from different perspectives.
Politically, the first characteristic is that Hong Kong was the base for Chinese revolutionary activities and facilitated the development of the Chinese revolutions. Since Hong Kong was a British colony and its location is close to China, as well as not under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government. These made Hong Kong an ideal base for the Chinese revolutionary organizations to organize revolutionary activities. In organizing the revolutionary party, Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese revolutionary organization, Xingzhong Hui興中會 Headquarters, in Hong Kong in 1895. Later Chen Shaobai founded the "China Daily中國日報" in Hong Kong in 1900 to promote revolutionary ideas so that revolutionary ideas began to spread in Hong Kong and attempted to spread towards China. In planning revolutions, it was easy to buy arms from the other countries and smuggle them to Hong Kong since Hong Kong was a free port. The "Castle Peak Red Mansion青山紅樓" in Tuen Mun was the secret base where the Revolutionary Party secretly planned revolutions and made bombs. Huang Xing had also once stayed there to plan revolutionary activities. It can show that Hong Kong has close political relations with China and been a revolutionary base for China.
In political aspect, the second characteristic is that China is the instigation of the Hong Kong labor movement and helped Hong Kong workers to fight for their rights and interests. At the beginning of the 20th century, the education level of Hong Kong’s working population was low. Most of them were work as coolies, seafarers and peasants. They were unfamiliar with the labor laws and seldom called off strikes and demonstrations. However, as the Chinese workers' movement began to start in the 1910s, the popularity of workers' movement began to spread to Hong Kong. Even the Kuomintang led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen encouraged the Hong Kong workers to learn about the workers' movement in Europe and demanded the enactment of labor bills and trade union regulations. As a result, there were several strikes in Hong Kong. For example, in 1921, the "Federation of Chinese Seafarers Industries中華海員工業聯合總會" was established under the name of Sun Yat-sen. Management level such as President Chen Bingsheng were all Kuomintang member. Guided by the Kuomintang, the General Assembly even launched a "seafarer strike海員大罷工" in 1922 to fight for workers' rights. In addition, in 1925, under the influence of the Shanghai labor movement, the Kuomintang and Communists called for all the unions in Hong Kong to jointly form the "Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions全港工團聯合會" in the name of the Chinese Federation of Labor to strike. As a result, there was "The Guangzhou-Hong Kong strike省港大罷工". It can show that the characteristic of the relations between the two places is that China was a trigger for the Hong Kong’s workers' movement. The Chinese forces were closely linked with Hong Kong workers.
In political aspect, the third characteristic is that Hong Kong is a backup for the Chinese patriotic movement and the assistance during the Anti-Japanese War. Regarding patriotic movements, Hong Kong is a Chinese community and had been a part of China since ancient times. Even though Hong Kong was in the administration of the British Hong Kong government, Hong Kong people in the second half of the 20th century were concerned about the situation in China. For example, after handing over the interest of Shandong to Japan in the Paris Peace Conference, Hong Kong responded to the May Forth Movement五四運動 of China and boycotted Japanese goods and supported Chinese products. Many schools even adopted the anti-Japanese textbook "Chudeng Lunshuo Wenfan初等論說文範" as a textbook and reflected that Hong Kong citizens concerned about China and responded to China. In resisting Japan, Japan launched the "September 18 Incident九一八事變" (1931), the "January 28 Incident一二八事變" (1932) and the "July 7 Incident七七事變" (1937). After invading China, Hong Kong people actively supported the China, through raising funds and form medical teams to provide rescue and fight against Japan. Afterwards, by 1940, the indigenous inhabitant of the New Territories also established the "Hong Kong-Kowloon Battalion港九大隊" to assist China to fight against Japanese in Pearl River Delta area with the guidance of the Communist Party of China. This reflected Hong Kong's active support towards China's affairs. It can show that one of the characteristic is that Hong Kong is a base for Chinese patriotic movement and backup during Anti-Japanese War.
Economically, the characteristic of the Hong Kong-China relations is that Hong Kong was the entrepot of China and there were frequent economic exchanges. Victoria Harbour維多利亞港 enables easy access for ships. Moreover, there was a British policy of free trade and welcomes foreign merchant ships to trade and park in Hong Kong. Also, as Hong Kong is in the Southern part of China, Hong Kong is the largest container port in Southern China region. As a result, Hong Kong had become China's "gateway to the South南大門" which is an important transit point for trading between China and foreign countries. China’s trading partners include Europe, Southeast Asia and Australia, and transports silk, tea and ceramics. As there was further industrialization and commercialization in China, entrepot trade in Hong Kong had further improvement. For example, in 1898, the tonnage of inbound ships was 13.25 million tons. There was an increase to 36.77 million tons in 1927. Benefiting from the trade between China and other countries, entrepot trade had become Hong Kong's major industry. At the same time, many Hong Kong working force also benefited from the re-export trade. For example, the estimated number of coolies苦力 in 1931 was 25,000. The number of seafarers and boat people was as much as 20,000. The re-export trade became an important part of Hong Kong’s economy in the first half of the 20th century. It can show that before the Cold War, there was close relationship between the economies of Hong Kong and China and Hong Kong was an important port of transit for China.
In social aspect, the relations between the two places can be characterized by mutual benefits and mutual dependence. There were close social ties and mutual support between each other regarding their resources. Hong Kong was also a safe shelter for their Chinese compatriots. In terms of resources, China was an important supply of Hong Kong's goods. Most of the food such as rice, meat and vegetables were imported from China. In addition, in the early period of the Anti-Japanese War, Hong Kong people also helped the Mainland relatives and friends by sending them food and daily necessities to them when it was possible. Regarding asylum, many Chinese flocked to Hong Kong for refuge. Before the 1911 Revolution, the revolutionaries in Hong Kong had aided the Chinese revolutionaries and helped them to avoid the Qing government. During the early period of Japan's invasion in China, a lot of mainland residents flee to Hong Kong to escape from wars. When the CCP later established the nation in 1949, many remnants of the Kuomintang and capitalists in the Mainland also flee to Hong Kong. For example, Tang Xiangqian唐翔千 (the father of Henry Tang Ying-yen, his textile factory monopolized the wool textile business in Shanghai) moved to Hong Kong in 1950. This can prove that Hong Kong was a shelter for Chinese compatriots. Hence, we can see that one of the characteristic of Hong Kong-China relations is that they depend on and support each other.
In cultural aspect, the characteristic of the would be mutual exchange with close relationships. Regarding China studying Western ideology and culture through Hong Kong, Hong Kong had been ruled by British government since 1842 and Western ideas had therefore spread rapidly in Hong Kong. With Western-style education in Hong Kong, Hong Kong had become a place where Chinese learn about foreign ideas and knowledge. For example, Sun Yat-sen enrolled in the Diocesan Home拔萃書室 and Central College中央書院 in the 1880s and studied medicine at the Chinese Western Medical College華人西醫書院 in Hong Kong. This reflects that Chinese compatriots could learn about Western knowledge and culture in Hong Kong. On the other hand, China was also a source of Hong Kong culture under their close cultural exchanges. As Hong Kong was a Chinese community, the British Hong Kong Government paid little attention to Chinese culture and there were no intervenes so that modern Chinese culture could spread in Hong Kong. For example, in Cantonese films, the introduction of the Mandarin language policy by the Nanjing government forbids the use of dialects in films, Cantonese films can thus be presented in Hong Kong. This triggered many productions of Cantonese films including "Conscience良心" (1933) and "The Idiot’s Wedding Night傻仔洞房” (1934), reflecting the development of Hong Kong culture under the influence of China. This shows that the cultural characteristics of the two places involved mutual exchange of knowledge and ideas.
In conclusion, Hong Kong-China relations was very close. Hong Kong and China influenced and supported each other in aspects such as political, economic, social and cultural, etc.
Comentarios