注意：此題目原是DSE歷屆試題，但為免侵犯版權，題目經過修改，同學可以按試題之年份及題號自行查閱原題目。以下內容乃K.W.Ho之補習教材，於課堂教授，內容乃配合K.W.Ho之答題方法及風格所製作，同時內容可能有錯誤之處以供在課堂上糾正。非補習學生在未有得到課堂教學的情況下錯誤使用，恕不負責，同學請敬請留意。
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原題目題號：DSE-2017-Essay-07(以中國及日本作為例子)
假設你生活於1960年代本課程所涵蓋的一個國家或地區，並強烈渴求移民到一個隸屬於不同政權的國家或地區。試舉出你當時所生活的國家或地區以及你計劃外移的國家或地區，並解釋你在身處國家或地區所面對的問題，以及該外移地區的吸引之處。
假設我生活於1960年代的中國，我強烈渴求移民到民主政權的日本。以下，將從政治、經濟、社會及外交方面分析中國當時所面對的問題，以及日本的吸引之處。
政治方面，中國當時政治上專制，而且鬥爭不斷，使我渴望外移。1960年代的中國是一個共產主義的專制國家，實行一黨專政，共產黨是唯一合法的政黨，不容許其他政黨存在，人民普遍沒有投票權，不能對自己國家的前途進行表決，政治上不但算上不民主，更加是極度專制的國家。此外，雖然1960年代初的中國在劉少奇執政下，中國政治一度穩下來。然而，至1966年毛澤東號召人民進行批鬥，要打倒劉少奇、鄧小平等「走資派」，結果令中國政治陷入長期的政治鬥爭之中，1967年1月在上海更發生了「一月風暴」的武力奪權事件，中國局勢十分不穩定，生命隨時受到威脅。可見，當時的中國十分專制，而且政治不穩，並不是理想的政治環境。
相反，日本政治上民主，而且穩定，使我渴望移民到日本。自日本於1947年頒布新的《昭和憲法》後，日本隨即成為一個真正的民主國家，天皇權力正式被廢除，同時，年滿20歲或以上的成年男女均有投票權，選出國會議員，甚至以自己的選票影響國家領導人的出任。此外，日本的政治環境十分穩定，日本是一個政黨多元化的國家，但是，日本的政黨鬥爭並不嚴重，因日本自1955年起已經步入「五五體制」時期，當時自民黨是國內第一大黨，而社會黨則是國內第二大黨。在人民投票下，自民黨成為長期穩定的執政黨。正正由於日本的政治穩定，令到日本能夠在良好的環境下發展經濟、教育等等，有利國家的長遠建設。可見，日本的政治不但民主，而且穩定，是理想的外移地點。
經濟方面，中國經濟落後，生活並不理想。1960年代初的中國剛剛經歷了大躍進的失敗，陷入了三年困難時期，非正常死亡人數多達3000萬人，民不聊生。雖然在劉少奇的調整政策下，中國經濟開始復元。然而，毛澤東於1966年發動文化大革命，人民積極參與批鬥，忽視經濟生產，國家經濟再度放緩，國民收入的增長率由調整時期(1963-65年)的14.7%，大幅下降至第三個五年計劃時期(1966-70年)的8.3%，經濟發展是日益下降，尤其是農業方面，廣大人民從事的農業，其增長率只有3%，發展甚不理想。可見，中國的經濟環境落後，並非理想的國度。
相反，日本經濟迅速增長，發展十分理想。隨著日本政府在戰後積極進行經濟改革，日本經濟於1960年代已經步入黃金時期，日本的國民生產總值於1968年已經成功超越西德，成為全球第二經濟大國。更甚，當時日本的生活環境富裕，例如在1950年代，富裕的家庭擁有的「三大件」是單車、衣車及收音機。但至1960年代初，「三大件」就被重新定義為黑白電視機、洗衣機及雪櫃，並且已經是很多家庭均已擁有。及至1966年，「三大件」已變為「3C電器熱」，即包括私家車(Car)、冷氣機(Cooler)及彩色電視機(Colour)，日人的物質生活已經到達富裕的程度。可見，日本經濟發展迅速，生活較為富裕，是理想的外移地點。
社會方面，中國的道德倫理崩潰，文化娛樂單一，而且教育落後。1966年文化大革命發生後，毛澤東號召人民起而揭發、批鬥自己的父母、師長，當時的社會道德倫理崩潰，並不是和諧的社會。此外，1960年代的中國，文化娛樂十分有限，尤其是進入文化大革命時期，人們要觀看不斷宣揚革命思想、思想灌事的樣板戲，不能看外國的電影、音樂，文化娛樂受到中共政府的嚴格控制，個人的選擇十分有限。再者，當時中國的教育水平十分落後，小學入學率在1963年也只得57%，兒童難以靠知識改變將來的命運。同時，超過1600萬的知識青年更需要參與「上山下鄉運動」，以推動農村的發展而荒廢了學業，教育發展大大受到限制。可見，1960年代中國的社會問題眾多且嚴重，並不是理想的生活環境。
相反，日本的社會和諧，文化娛樂多元，而且教育水平十分高。1960年代的日本沒有出現甚至大規模的社會鬥爭及動亂，社會環境十分和諧。此外，日本的生活娛樂十分多元化，外國的電影、音樂能夠全面地進入日本，而且當時日本的動畫發展已經十分蓬勃，而且創作自由化，不受國家的思想規範，漫畫百花齊放，例如《小飛俠阿童木》(1951年)、《多啦A夢》(1969年)等，可以更加容易找到自己喜歡的興趣和作品。再者，日本在1960年代的教育水平已經媲美西方國家，初中入學率已經高達99%，更有多所國際知名的大學，例如東京大學、京都大學等，而且教育更加是自由化，不會是強制灌輸愛國愛黨的訊息。可見，日本擁有十分理想的社會環境，是外移的理想地。
外交方面，中國與其他國家關係緊張，並非是理想國度。1960年代中國與外國關係惡劣，因中國是共產主義國家，與資本主義國家對立，與美國、南韓等國家也沒有建交。更甚，在文化大革命期間，許多紅衛兵衝擊外國使館，中國與外國關係斷絕，外交孤立。此外，中國與鄰近國家不時爆發衝突，例如1962年中國與印度爆發邊境戰爭、1969年中國與蘇聯爆發邊界衝突。由於中國與外國的關係惡劣，如果我想到外國旅行的話，這將會十分困難，而且能夠前往的國家也只有很少選擇。可見，中國與外國關係惡劣，並非是理想的國度。
相反，日本與外國的關係和諧且更多元化，較為理想。日本自第二次世界大戰，積極改善與鄰近國家的關係，例如於1952年就簽訂了《三藩市條約》重建與東南亞國家的關係、於1965年重新與南韓建交，使日本外交多元，而且與其他國家的關係也十分和諧，近至東南亞，遠至歐美等國，也與日本有緊密的經濟、文化往來。更重要的是，日本在1960年代沒有與其他國家爆發大規模衝突或戰爭，十分安全。因此，移民到日本將會是一個理想的選擇，因為局勢安全，而且容易前往外國旅行，旅行的地點亦眾多。可見，日本的對外關係理想，是理想的外移地區。
總括而言，基於中國在1960年代於政治、經濟、社會及外交各方面的眾多問題，以及日本同時在上述各方面的理想情況，我會希望外移到日本，以尋求更加好的生活環境。
Assume you were living in the 1960s in a country or region that is within this course’s curriculum, and had a strong hope to migrate to another country or region which is in a different regime. State the country or region that you were staying and the country or region that you would like to migrate. Then explain the difficulties that you were facing in the current country or region and the attractions or the new country or region.
Assume I was living in China in the 1960s, I would have a strong urge to migrate to Japan with democracy. I would explain the problems of China at that time in terms of political, economic, social and diplomatic. Also, I would explain the attractions of Japan.
In political aspect, China was politically authoritarian and there were numerous struggles which made me wish to migrate. In the 1960s, China was a communist and autocratic state with one-party dictatorship upheld. The communist party was the only legitimate political party. Establishment of other political parties were not allowed. The people generally did not have the right to vote and they were not able to vote for the future of their country. There was no democracy and can be said as a country with extreme autocracy. In addition, although China was under the ruling of Liu Shaoqi in the early 1960s which stabilized China’s politics, Mao Zedong launched the “revolution” in 1966 to called on the people to criticize and to overthrow the "capitalist-roaders走資派" such as Liu Shao-chih劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping鄧小平. As a result, China’s politics fell into long term political struggles. In January 1967, there was even a "January storm一月風暴" in Shanghai. There was unstable situation in China and citizens’ lives were at risk. It can show that there was autocracy in China with political instability. Thus it was not an ideal political environment.
In contrast, there was democracy and stability in Japan’s politics which attracted me to migrate to Japan. After the introduction of Showa Constitution昭和憲法 in 1947, Japan became a country with true democracy. Emperor’s power was abolished officially while there was right to vote for all adults over 20 years old. They could elect the Parliament’s members and even affect the leader of the country by their votes. Furthermore, the political environment of Japan was stable. Japan was a country was diversified political parties but the party struggle was not serious. Since Japan entered the period with 1955 System五五體制 since 1955, which the Liberal Democratic Party was the biggest political party while the Socialist Party was the second in the country. With citizen’s vote, the Liberal Democratic Party became a long term and stabilized ruling party. With the stability in Japan’s politics, Japan got a desirable environment to develop its economy and education, which is beneficial to Japan’s long term development. Hence, there was not only democracy in Japan’s politics, but also stability so it was a desirable place to migrate.
In economic aspect, there was a poor economy in China which brought hard times to citizens. In the beginning of the 1960s, China just experienced the failure of the Great Leap Forward and entered a difficult three-year period三年困難時期. The number of abnormal death reached 30 million. Although the economy started to recover under Liu Shaoqi’s readjustment policy, Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution文化大革命 in 1966. People actively participated in criticism and neglected economic production. The national economy growth slowed down again. The growth rate of national income dropped drastically from 14.7% in the adjustment period調整時期(1963-65) to that in the third Five-Year Plan period’s (1966-70) 8.3%. There was declining economic development, especially in agriculture aspect. The popular agriculture only got a growth rate of 3% which was an unsatisfactory development. It can show that there was a poor economic environment in China which was not an ideal country.
In contrary, there was a rapid economic growth in Japan which was an excellent development. With the Japanese government actively carrying out economic reforms after the war, the economy of Japan entered a golden age in the 1960s. Japan's GNP had surpassed the West Germany in 1968 and had become the second largest economy in the world. Furthermore, the living environment in Japan flourished. For example, in the 1950s, the “Big Three三大件” owed by the wealthy families were bicycles, sewing machines and radios. However, by the early 1960s, the "Big Three" was redefined as black-and-white television sets, washing machines and refrigerators. They were owned by many families. By 1966, the "Big Three" had become "3C appliances", including Car, Cooler and Colour TV. The material life of the Japanese people had reached an affluent level. It can show that the Japanese economy grew rapidly and citizens’ life was more affluent, making it an ideal place to migrate.
In social aspect, China's moral ethics collapsed, with monoculture and single entertainment. There was also poor education. After the launch of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Mao Zedong called on people to expose and criticize their parents and teachers. The social morality and ethics collapsed at that time and it was not a harmonious society. In addition, there was limited cultural and recreational development in the 1960s, especially during the period of the Cultural Revolution. People could only watch the model films that advocated revolutionary ideas and could not watch foreign films, music and cultural entertainment under the strict control of the Chinese government. There were limited personal choices. Furthermore, there was poor education at that time. The enrollment rate of primary education was only 57% in 1963. It was difficult for children to improve their future by knowledge. At the same time, there were 16 million youth that need to participate in the “Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement上山下鄉運動”. They abandoned their studies to promote the development of rural areas which greatly restricted the development of education. It can show that there were many serious social problems in China in the 1960s so it was not an ideal living environment.
On the contrary, there was harmony in the Japanese society. Not only there was diversity in culture and entertainment, the education level was also very high. In the 1960s, there was no large-scale social struggles and chaos in Japan and the social environment was very harmonious. In addition, the life and entertainment in Japan were diversified. Foreign films and music were imported to Japan. At the time, the animation development in Japan was flourished with freedom to create without the restrictions from the country. There were a few famous animations in Japan. For example, the Astro Boy小飛俠阿童木(1951), Doraemon多啦A夢(1969), etc. People could easily find their favorite hobbies and works. Furthermore, Japan's education level in the 1960s was comparable to that in the West. The enrollment rate in junior high schools reached as high as 99%, and there were many internationally renowned universities, such as the Tokyo University東京大學 and the Kyoto University京都大學. Education was liberalized rather than to instill patriotic messages. It can show that Japan had a desirable social environment and it was ideal to migrate there.
In diplomatic aspect, China was not a desirable country to stay because of its tensed relationship with other countries. In the 1960s, China had poor relationships with foreign countries as China was a communist country that confronted with the capitalist countries. There were no diplomatic ties with the United States, South Korea and other countries. Furthermore, during the Cultural Revolution, many Red Guards attacked foreign consulates. China got poor relationship with other countries and isolated herself. In addition, there were conflicts broke out between China and its neighboring countries from time to time. For example, there was a war broke out between China and India in 1962 and conflicts broke out between China and the Soviet Union in 1969. Due to the poor relationship between China and other foreign countries, it would be difficult to travel abroad with limited options. Hence, the poor relationship between China and other foreign countries shows that China was not an ideal country.
On the contrary, the relationship between Japan and foreign countries were more harmonious and diversified so Japan was a better country. Since the Second World War, Japan had actively improved its relationship with neighboring countries. For example, the Treaty of San Francisco三藩市條約 was signed in 1952 to rebuild the relationship with Southeast Asian countries. In 1965, Japan resumed diplomatic relationship with South Korea in order to diversify its diplomacy with Japan. Japan also got good relationship with other countries not only with Southeast Asian countries, but also Western countries. They got close contacts in terms of economic and cultural. More importantly, there were no massive conflict or war with other countries in the 1960s in Japan. Therefore, migrate to Japan would be a good choice because of its secure environment and the easy access to foreign countries with a large variety of choices. Therefore, the good diplomatic relationship of Japan with other countries made Japan an ideal country to migrate.
In conclusion, due to the various problems in China in the 1960s regarding political, economic, social and diplomatic aspect, as well as the ideal situation of Japan in the above aspects at the same time, I would like to migrate to Japan to seek for a better living environment.
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