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原題目題號：DSE-2019-Essay-04-Version 1
「相比納粹侵略而言，綏靖政策是引致第二次世界大戰的更重要因素。」你是否同意此說？
定義 納粹侵略指的是納粹希特拉在1933年於德國上台後所採取的一連串侵略行動；綏靖政策則是指英法以安撫、退讓的態度與侵略者談判，試圖藉滿足侵略國的野心而使其停止擴張。 // 立場儘管兩者均對大戰爆發有著至關重要的責任，但綏靖政策的重要性明顯較納粹侵略更為重要。 // 架構以下，將會從導致戰爭出現、對其他法西斯國家的影響和對蘇聯的影響方面比較。
主旨句 就導致戰爭出現而言，納粹侵略和綏靖政策各具重要性。 // 項目A納粹侵略方面，自1933年希特拉上台，其積極密謀推翻《凡爾賽條約》，恢復德國的強國地位，頻頻對外擴張。例如其先於1935年重新實行徵兵制，重建軍事力量。及後，於1938年迫使奧地制與之合併及向捷克發出最後通牒，威迫利誘下取得蘇台德區。至1939年，更先於3月吞併捷克全境，再於9月1日突襲波蘭，成為大戰爆發的導火線。納粹的侵略肆無忌憚，令歐洲各國聞之喪膽，最終大戰無可避免在納粹的侵略計劃下觸發。 // 項目B 綏靖政策方面，英法的綏靖政策對德國的侵略行動百般容忍，一步一步將德國的侵略野心推高。例如1938年德國違反《凡爾賽條約》與奧地利合併時，英、法噤若寒蟬，使德國野心更大，進一步不惜以戰爭作為要脅，要取回蘇台德區。結果，英法在慕尼黑會議將蘇台德區割讓予德國，令德國更加有信心進一步於1939年3月侵佔捷克，並於9月突襲波蘭，加快了大戰的來臨。
主旨句 相比之下，綏靖政策的重要性大於納粹侵略。 // 對比就納粹侵略的局限性而言，儘管1933年納粹希特拉已經在德國上台，但當時德國根本未有能力進行對外擴張，德國不但被限制至只有10萬軍隊，更不准擁有空軍、潛艇及實行徵兵制等，軍力儼如小國，不足以發動大規模的戰爭。但正正是基於因果關係，綏靖政策縱容德國重新徵兵及逐步擴張，才使納粹德國變得不可阻擋的猛獸。德國於1935年重新徵兵時，英國不但未有遏止德國，更與德國簽訂《英德海軍協定》，允許德國重新擴建海軍，使德國能夠加強軍力，往後有能力進行侵略。至1938年德國要求取得蘇台德區時，英法將蘇台德區割讓予德國，令德國的國力大增，使其更具能力吞併捷克及入侵波蘭。因此，綏靖政策不斷對納粹德國的退讓，反使原本弱小的納粹德國不斷壯大，最終才足以挑起大戰。可見，綏靖政策的重要性明顯大於納粹侵略。
就助長其他法西斯國家的侵略以致戰爭爆發而言，納粹侵略和綏靖政策也各具重要性。納粹侵略方面，納粹德國與其他法西斯國家締結侵略同盟，有助增加其他國家侵略的野心，例如德國於1936年與日本簽訂《反共產國際協定》後，日本對中國的野心更大，於1937年發動「七七事變」，全面侵略中國。此外，納粹德國的侵略行動也大大鼓舞起意大利的侵略，例如1939年3月德國兵不血刃吞併了捷克，意大利就乘勢出擊，於4月入侵阿爾巴尼亞，成為二次大戰爆發的前奏。綏靖政策方面，於1935年意大利侵略阿比西尼亞時，儘管國聯對意大利採取經濟制裁，但作為國聯常任理事國的英法卻採取綏靖政策，私底下與意大利談判，提出給予2/3個阿比西尼亞予意大利，換取意大利停止侵略。此舉不但揭露了國聯的無能，使意大利完全無視國聯的經濟制裁，同時更令意大利信心大增，於1936年完全侵佔了阿比西尼亞，最終更成為了大戰爆發的侵略國之一。
相比之下，綏靖政策在助長其他法西斯國家的侵略一事上較納粹侵略重要。就對意大利而言，綏靖政策才是助長意大利侵略的根本性因素，例如1939年3月德國吞併捷克時，英、法對德國採取綏靖政策，此等懦弱的舉動增加了意大利的信心，認為英法無力阻止自己，才於4月侵略阿爾巴尼亞。可見，儘管納粹侵略對助長意大利的侵略有一定的影響力，但綏靖政策才是驅使意大利進行侵略的根本性因素。就對日本而言，儘管納粹德國與日本的《反共產國際協定》有助日本的侵略，但影響力卻是有限的，因《反共產國際協定》主要是針對共產主義，為兩國的象徵式結盟。事實上，綏靖政策的影響力更加明顯，由於英、法需要專注應對位處歐洲的德、意，根本無瑕理會亞洲事務，才使日本的野心泛濫，全面入侵中國。因此，綏靖政策對助長其他法西斯國家侵略的影響力大於納粹侵略，對大戰爆發有著更大的重要性。
就對蘇聯的影響以致大戰爆發而言，納粹侵略和綏靖政策也具重要性。納粹侵略方面，為了解除腹背受敵的威脅，以便進行侵略擴張，納粹德國於1939年8月與蘇聯簽訂《互不侵犯條約》，承諾十年內互不干擾，並且共同瓜分波蘭。此條約使蘇聯成為了德國突襲波蘭的幫兇，納粹德國也於條約簽訂後不足一個月內，便突襲波蘭，促使第二次世界大戰爆發。綏靖政策方面，英、法在1938年慕尼黑會議中將蘇台德區給予德國、1939年放縱德國侵佔捷克，使蘇聯與西方國家互相猜疑，蘇聯認為西方國家是「禍水東引」，將德國的侵略引向東歐，藉機牽制蘇聯的共產主義擴張，最後令蘇聯與德國簽訂《互不侵犯條約》(1939年)，解除了德國被東西夾擊的憂慮，往後突襲波蘭，促使大戰爆發。
相比之下，綏靖政策的重要性較納粹侵略大。就納粹侵略的局限性而言，納粹德國原本與蘇聯關係極為惡劣，納粹希特拉十分憎恨共產黨人，其早於1936年便與日本簽訂《反共產國際協定》，針對共產主義擴張。同時，共產蘇聯也對納粹德國有所猜疑，更於1935年與法國簽訂《互助條約》，以圍堵德國，因此兩國原本是互相敵視，蘇聯非但不是助長納粹德國的侵略，而是作為箝制德國的重要力量。然而，就因果關係，正正因為英法採取綏靖政策，使蘇聯產生懷疑，結果不但瓦解了法蘇同盟，更使德蘇走近，蘇聯最終才成為大戰爆發的幫兇。可見，綏靖政策的重要性大於納粹侵略。
總括而言，雖然納粹侵略是大戰爆發的重要成因，但綏靖政策才是助長德國、意大利和日本侵略的根本性因素，更使蘇聯和德國簽訂《互不侵犯條約》，對於大戰爆發的重要性大於納粹侵略。
‘The appeasement policy was a more important factor than Nazi aggression in causing the Second World War.’ Do you agree?
Nazi aggression means a series of aggressive actions taken by Nazi Hitler after he rose to power in Germany in 1933, while appeasement policy refers to the appeasing attitude and concessions adopted by Britain and France to negotiate with aggressors, in an attempt to stop the aggression by satisfying their ambition. Although both Nazi aggression and the appeasement policy had decisive significance in causing the Second World War (WWII), the importance of the appeasement policy was obviously greater than that of Nazi aggression. We will compare the importance of the two factors by examining their contribution to the outbreak of war, influence to other Fascist countries and impact to the USSR as follows.
In terms of contribution to the outbreak of WWII, either Nazi aggression or the appeasement policy had their importance. For Nazi aggression, Nazi Hitler actively planned to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles凡爾賽條約since he rose to power in 1933. To resume the status of Germany as a superpower, Nazi Hitler frequently led Germany to expand its territory. For example, he reintroduced conscription徵兵制 in 1935 in order to rebuild military strength. Later, he forced Austria to integrate with Germany and sent an ultimatum最後通牒 to Czechoslovakia in 1938, and annexed Sudetenland蘇台德區 with the carrot and stick approach. Until 1939, Nazi Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia in March, and launched a sudden attack on Poland波蘭 on 1st September, which triggered the outbreak of the WWII. Nazi aggression was so unscrupulous that it horrified the European countries. WWII was triggered inevitably under the Nazi aggression plans. For the appeasement policy, the policy adopted by Britain and France was so tolerant to the aggressive behavior of Germany, which heightened the Nazi ambition gradually. For instance, when Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles and integrated with Austria in 1938, Britain and France did not speak up despite their worries, resulting in the stronger ambition of Germany. Germany even threatened to start a war unless it could take Sudetenland. As a result, Britain and France ceded Sudetenland to Germany in Munich Conference慕尼黑會議, which increased Germany’s confidence to invade Czechoslovakia in March 1939 and launch sudden attack on Poland in September in the same year, accelerating the coming of the WWII.
By comparison, the importance of the appeasement policy was greater than that of Nazi aggression. In terms of limitation局限性 of Nazi aggression, although Nazi Hitler had already rose to power in Germany in 1933, Germany had very limited ability to carry out expansionist policy at that time. Germany was not only confined to have 0.1 million army, but it was also not allowed to have its own air force and submarines, and to implement conscription. German military power was as limited as that of a small country, which was insufficient to start a large-scale war. However, due to causal relationship因果關係, the appeasement policy tolerated remilitarization of Germany and its gradual expansion, which made Germany become an unstoppable beast. When Germany reintroduced conscription in 1935, Britain not only did not stop Germany, but it even signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement英德海軍協定which allowed Germany to rebuild its navy, strengthening the German military power and increasing its ability to invade later. Until 1938, when Germany requested to get Sudetenland蘇台德區, Britain and France ceded the area to Germany, greatly increasing the national power of Germany and its competence to annex Czechoslovakia捷克 and invade Poland波蘭. Therefore, the adoption of the appeasement policy continuously made concession to Nazi Germany, which made the originally weak Nazi Germany grow stronger and stronger, ultimately caused the WWII. So, the importance of the appeasement policy was obviously greater than that of Nazi aggression.
In terms of encouraging the aggression of other Fascist countries to the outbreak of war, both Nazi aggression and the appeasement policy had their own importance. For Nazi aggression, Nazi Germany established alliance with other Fascist countries, abetting their aggression to invade. For instance, after Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact反共產國際協定with Japan in 1936, Japan became more aggressive to China, and it even launched July 7th Incident七七事變 in 1937 and fully invaded China. Besides, aggressive behavior of Nazi Germany also greatly encouraged Italy to launch invasion. For instance, Germany annexed Czechoslovakia in March 1939 without starting war and costing lives. Italy took advantage of the situation, and invaded Albania阿爾巴尼亞 in April, marking the prelude of the WWII. For the appeasement policy, although the League of Nations carried out economic sanctions經濟制裁 against Italy when Italy invaded Abyssinia阿比西尼亞 in 1935, Britain and France, as the permanent members of the League, adopted appeasement policy, and negotiated with Italy secretly. Britain and France proposed to give 2/3 of Abyssinia to Italy, in return for Italy’s cease of aggression. This not only revealed the inability of the League which made Italy totally ignore its economic sanctions, but it also greatly boosted the confidence of Italy. Italy completely annexed Abyssinia in 1936, and became one of the Axis powers fought in the WWII.
By comparison, the appeasement policy had greater importance than Nazi aggression in terms of encouraging the aggression of other Fascist countries. For Italy, the appeasement policy was the root cause to abet its aggression. For example, Britain and France adopted appeasement policy when Germany annexed Czechoslovakia in March 1939, and such cowardly move boosted confidence of Italy. Italy thought that Britain and France were unable to stop its aggression, therefore it invaded Albania in April. As we can see, although Nazi aggression had certain significance in encouraging Italy to invade, the appeasement policy was the fundamental cause which prompted Italy to carry out invasion. As for Japan, although the Anti-Comintern Pact反共產國際協定signed between Nazi Germany and Japan encouraged Japan to invade, it had limited importance, since the Pact was mainly targeted at communism and was a symbolic alliance between the two countries. In fact, the impact of the appeasement policy was even more obvious. Since Britain and France needed to focus on dealing with Germany and Italy which were located in Europe, they did not have time to cope with Asian affairs, which heightened the ambition of Japan. And later Japan even launched a full scale invasion on China. Therefore, the appeasement policy had greater importance than Nazi aggression in terms of encouraging the aggression of other Fascist countries, having higher significance in causing the WWII.
In terms of influence to the USSR which led to the outbreak of war, both Nazi aggression and appeasement policy had their importance. For Nazi aggression, in order to remove the threat of being attacked from both the Allies and the USSR and better carry out expansionist policy, Nazi Germany signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact互不侵犯條約 with the USSR in August 1939, which promised they would not intervene each other in ten years, and would carve up Poland together. The Pact made the USSR become an accomplice to abet Germany to launch sudden attack on Poland波蘭. Nazi Germany also launched a sudden attack on Poland in less than a month after signing the Pact, which prompted the outbreak of the WWII. For appeasement policy, Britain and France ceded Sudetenland to Germany in Munich Conference慕尼黑會議 in 1938, and appeased Germany to invade Czechoslovakia in 1939. Distrust and suspicion grew between the USSR and Western countries. The USSR thought that the Western countries wanted to redirect the troubles towards the east禍水東引, in an attempt to contain communist expansion of the USSR. At last, the USSR and Germany signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in 1939, which solved the concern of being attacked from east and west of Germany. Germany then launched a sudden attack on Poland, leading to the WWII.
By comparison, the appeasement policy had greater importance than Nazi aggression. In terms of limitation局限性 of Nazi aggression, the relationship between Nazi Germany and the USSR was very bad originally. Nazi Hitler hated Communists a lot, and he had already signed the Anti-Comintern Pact反共產國際協定with Japan which targeted at containing communist expansion in 1936. At the same time, communist USSR was also suspicious towards Nazi Germany, and it even signed the Treaty of Mutual Assistance互助條約 with France in 1935 to contain Germany. As we can see, both the USSR and Germany were hostile to each other originally. The USSR not only did not encourage the aggressive behavior of Nazi Germany, but it was even a crucial power to contain Germany. However, in terms of causal relationship因果關係, due to the adoption of the appeasement policy of Britain and France, the USSR grew suspicion and distrust. At last, the appeasement policy not only dissolved the Franco-Soviet alliance, but it also drew Germany and the USSR closer, making the USSR become an accomplice in causing the WWII ultimately. Therefore, the importance of the appeasement policy was greater than Nazi aggression.
To conclude, although Nazi aggression was a main cause leading to the WWII, the appeasement policy was the root cause to encourage Germany, Italy and Japan to invade and launch their aggressive behavior. Appeasement policy also prompted the USSR and Germany to sign the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, which proved it had greater importance than Nazi aggression in causing the WWII.
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