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原題目題號：DSE-練習卷-Essay-07(以日本作為例子)
探討日本於20世紀初在什麼程度上不同於20世紀末。
立場 經過了一世紀的轉變，20世紀初的日本在大程度上不同於20世紀末。 // 架構從政治、經濟、教育及與東南亞國家的關係等方面可見日本有著根本性的差異，但亦不能忽略延續的部分，因社會、軍事及與中韓關係的本質並未有重大的改變。
主旨句 政治方面，日本政治由20世紀初的專制轉變至20世紀末的民主，存有極大的差異。 // 時期A 20世紀初的日本雖然落實《明治憲法》，成為君主立憲國家，但仍然保持著專制的特徵，如只有少部分人獲投票權﹑下議院權力有限﹑天皇擁有絕對的權力等，後來更有助1930年代軍國主義在日本的上台。 // 時期B 但至20世紀末，日本已搖身一變成為一個民主國家，隨著1947年美國為日本頒布《日本國憲法》，廢除天皇權力及提高民選政府的權力，專制統治已不能存在於日本。而且，憲法准許所有成年男女均有投票權，因此日本已經成為一個真正的民主國家。 // 對比(>20%) 相比之下，雖然日本的君主制度一直維持著，但政治本質已經由20世紀初的專制轉變至20世紀末的民主，天皇權力被廢除，民主體制得到確立，出現了截然不同的轉變。
經濟方面，日本的經濟發展在兩段時期明顯截然不同。儘管日本在兩段時期均屬於是一個富裕國家，但20世紀初為日本經濟發展的蓬勃期，而20世紀末則為低落期。於20世紀初，日本獲得龐大的對外擴張利益，如1895年《馬關條約》中要求中國賠款2億兩，又於1905年日俄戰爭後取得中國東北的利益，及後的一次大戰更成為日本雄霸中國市場的良機，造就出日本經濟發展的黃金時期。但至20世紀末，雖然日本經歷了戰後經濟復甦的黃金期，但由於80年代出現泡沫經濟，並於1990年爆破，日本經濟陷入低迷期，股價市場及房地產市場均跌至谷底，更被稱為「失落的十年」。相比之下，20世紀初是日本經濟發展的蓬勃期，經濟發展欣欣向榮，但20世紀末的日本經濟則正處於低迷期，經濟發展不升反跌，狀況大有不同。
教育方面，日本在兩段時期的教育目標及發展有著很大的分別。雖然兩時期日本也有著高教育水平的特徵，但於本質上，兩時期的教育目標及發展重心有明顯的差異。在教育思想方面，20世紀初的日本著重灌輸忠君愛國及服從的意識，如1890年頒布的《教育敕語》就強調忠君愛國思想。至20世紀末，日本已放棄盲目灌輸服從思想，因1947年《教育基本法》的頒布確立了以培育學童完美人格為目標，此目標一直維持至今。此外，在教育發展方面，20世紀初的日本著重於基礎教育，例如1907年將義務教育由4年提高至6年，希望達致全民教育。但至20世紀末，日本將發展將一步擴至高等教育，造就出1970年代每7個日人之中便有1人為大學生的教育水平。相比之下，儘管兩時期日本的教育水平十分高，但在教育的目標及發展上而言，兩時期就存有明顯的差異，目標上由灌輸忠君愛國思想轉變至培育全人發展，發展則由基礎教育擴展至高等教育。
外交方面，日本與東南亞國家的關係在兩段時期時也有所不同。雖然20世紀初與20世紀末日本均是亞洲，以至世界大國，但日本與東南亞國家及南亞國家的關係存在著頗大的分別。於20世紀初，日本鮮有與東南亞及南亞國家接觸，因日本主要向中國及朝鮮半島發展，而東南亞及南亞國家也受著其他列強的殖民統治。然而，至20世紀末，日本與東南亞及南亞國家建立緊密的合作關係，因1952年《三藩市條約》的簽訂使日本以貨品及勞動力作為賠償，成功打入東南亞市場。及後，日本更加強與東南亞國家的合作，如於1994年加入東盟區域論壇，強化日本與東亞國家於地區政治安全的合作。於90年代，日本更將65%的對外經濟援助集中提供予東南亞國家。相比之下，日本與東南亞及南亞國家的接觸已明顯增多，更建立起緊密的關係，並非如20世紀初的鮮有接觸，故兩時期的關係已經出現了明顯的轉變。
由上可見日本在兩段時期的相異之處，以下將討論相似之處。
社會方面，多元化的社會特色在20世紀初和20世紀末的日本仍然存在。兩時期的日本社會均可被視為一個現代化社會，擁有著多元文化的特徵。20世紀初的日本處於一個模仿的階段，模仿西方服飾﹑飲食文化等，但同時，日本自身文化習俗也獲得保留，如飲食方面的壽司﹑節日方面的成人節等。至20世紀末，日本秉承過往，西化的特徵仍然存有，如西裝及牛仔褲等西洋服裝等，同時也積極保留日本傳統，如傳統節日穿著和服。更甚，部分文化更得以發揚光大，如壽司盛傳至外國，成為一文化大國。相比之下，兩時期日本均為一文化交融的社會，在外來文化在日本興盛發展的同時，本土文化也得到好好的保留，本質上未有出現重大的分別。
軍事方面，兩段時期的日本軍事本質與特徵均相似，本質上並未有重大的改變。兩時期，日本軍事特徵均為陸軍人數少而精﹑海軍實力強大，並與西方強國結成軍事同盟。在陸軍人數方面，1910年的日軍陸軍約15萬人，至於20世紀末，日本陸軍自衛隊人數也保持不多於20萬人，但兩時期的陸軍均配備精良﹑訓練有素。此外，在海軍方面，日本海軍於20世紀初甚為強大，於甲午戰爭(1894-95)及日俄戰爭(1904-05)中擊敗兩國海軍，至20世紀末，日本海軍仍然位列世界首幾位。再者，軍事同盟方面，早於1902年便有英日同盟的出現，至20世紀末，美國與日本的《日美安保條約》仍然生效，兩時期均與西方列強結成同盟。相比之下，從本質及特徵而言，兩時期日本軍事均甚為相似，陸軍人數雖少卻精，並且擁有強大的海軍實力及西方盟友，分別不大。
外交方面，日本與中國及朝鮮在20世紀初及末的惡劣關係仍舊。日本與中國及朝鮮半島的外交關係經過一世紀也並未出現逆轉，仍然未能建立友好關係。於20世紀初，由於日本極力於中國及朝鮮半島進行殖民地擴張，以致日本與兩國的關係惡劣，如1894-95年曾爆發中日甲午戰爭﹑1910年日本迫使朝鮮成為其保護國等。至20世紀末，由於戰爭遺留下來的歷史問題並未能得以解決，日本與中國及朝鮮半島的關係並未真正能夠走向友好，如1982年日本文部省允許出版商篡改教科書及1985年日本首相中曾根康弘參拜靖國神社就引起中國及南﹑北韓的強烈抗議。更甚，與中國的釣魚台問題及與南韓的獨島問題更大大破壞21世紀亞洲的地區和平。相比之下，日本與中國﹑朝鮮半島國家的關係並未能得到逆轉，兩時期的關係均不太友好，存有頗多的爭端，更損害了21世紀初亞太地區的和平與穩定。
雖然20世紀初和末的日本在部分方面的轉變不大，但在政治、經濟、教育及與東南亞關係等方面存有本質上的差異。因此，整體而言，20世紀初的日本在大程度上不同於20世紀末。
Examine to what extent Japan in the early 20th century was different from what it had been in the late 20th century.
After a number of changes in a century, to a large extent Japan in the early 20th century was different from what it had been in the late 20th century. In political, economic, educational, relations with Southeast Asian countries aspects, it could be seen that Japan had fundamental differences. However, there were no significant changes in social, military and the relations with China and Korea aspects and these areas should be not neglected either as they could be regarded as continuation.
In political aspect, Japan’ politics changed from autocracy in the early 20th century to democracy in the late 20th century, which was a huge difference. Adopting the Meiji Constitution明治憲法 in the early 20th century, Japan was a country with constitutional monarchy. Yet, autocratic features still remained. For example, only a small number of people had the right of franchise. The power of the lower house was limited. Emperor held the absolute power. All these autocratic characteristics even contributed to the rise of militarism in the 1930s. However, in the late 20th century, Japan became a democratic country. When the US introduced the Constitution of Japan日本國憲法 into Japan in 1947, under which the power of Emperor was abolished and the power of representative government was enhanced. Since then, autocracy could not exist in Japan. Moreover, the constitution guaranteed the right to vote for both adult men and women. Therefore, Japan became a democratic country. Comparatively speaking, although Japan’s emperor system still remained, its political nature turned from autocracy in the early 20th century to democracy in the late 20th century. The power of emperor was even abolished, thus having fundamental differences.
In economic aspect, Japan’s economic development in these two periods was also significantly different. Although Japan was an affluent country in both early and late 20th century, Japan’s economy in the former period was in a rapid development stage while in the late 20th century, Japan was in a downturn period. In the early 20th century, Japan gained enormous interests by foreign expansion such as the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki馬關條約 by China, which required her to repay 2000 million taels. Besides, after winning Russia in the Russo-Japanese War日俄戰爭(1904-05), Japan soon took over the interests in the Northeast China. Later, during the WWI一次大戰, Japan monopolized China’s market when the West were embroiling in the war. This was favourable to Japan’s economy and her economy in this period was called the golden period. However, in the late 20th century, though Japan recovered from post-war destruction, an economic bubble泡沫經濟 emerged in the 1980s and the economic bubble even burst in the 1990s. The stock and property market fell to the bottom and economy had been depressed for a long time. Japan’s economy in this period was even regarded as ‘’the lost decade失落的十年’’. In comparison, Japan’s economy was booming in the early 20th century while that of the late 20th century was depressing. The economic development did not grow but drop. They were significantly different.
In educational aspect, the objectives and developments of education in these two periods were of huge difference. Although Japan had high educational standard in both periods, the objectives and emphases of education for them had clear differences in nature. Speaking of educating ideas, Japan put great emphasis on loyalty and patriotism in the early 20th century. As early as 1890, the government issued the Imperial Rescript on Education教育敕語that emphasized these thoughts. But by the late 20th century, Japan had already abandoned the indoctrination of such values like loyalty and patriotism along with the adoption of Basic Education Law教育基本法 in 1947 with the goal of all-round development, which has been upheld until now. In addition, in terms of educational development, Japan attached great importance to basic education in the early period by means like extending compulsory education from four years to six, in the hope of achieving universal education. But when it comes to the late 20th century, Japan furthered the development by improving tertiary education and achieved high educational standard exemplified by the ratio of one university graduate in every seven people. Relatively speaking, though the education standard was high in both periods, in terms of the objective and development of education, they were clearly different since the objective changed from indoctrinating loyalty and patriotism to all-round development, while the development extended from basic education to higher education.
In diplomatic aspect, Japan’s relations with Southeast Asian countries in these two periods was different. Although Japan was a world power in both early and late 20th century, the relations between Japan and other Southeast Asia countries was different. In early 20th century, rarely did Japan have contact with Southeast and South Asian countries as Japan mainly focused and targeted its development on China中國 and Korea朝鮮. While other Southeast Asian countries were colonies of the West so Japan had few with them. However, in the late 20th century, Japan built a closer trading relations with the Southeast Asian as well as South Asian countries. For instance, the Treaty of San Francisco三藩市條約 signed in 1952 stated that Japan’s reparation was paid in the form of goods and labour, thus developing a closer relations and helped the products get into the Southeast Asian markets. Afterwards, Japan even strengthened the relations between the Southeast Asian countries by participating in the forums held by ASEAN東盟區域論壇 in 1994, during which the regional security was strengthened between Japan and other Southeast Asian countries. In 1990s, 65% of the aid given by Japan was provided for Southeast Asian countries and their contact was obvious increased. As a result, Japan’s contact with Southeast Asian increased a lot, as opposed to that in the early 20th century. Their relations turned from rare contact in early 20th century to frequent contact, having obvious changes.
The above shows the differences of Japan in two periods. The similarities will be discussed in the following.
In social aspect, diversifications in society existed in both early and late 20th century. Japan’s society in both periods could be regarded as a modernized country which had a diversified culture. In the early 20th century, Japan was in a stage of imitation, imitating the costume and food culture in the west. Meanwhile, their culture was retained such as sushi壽司 in food culture and Coming of Age Day成人節 in festive culture. For the late 20th century, Japan still kept the traditions, while having western features. For example, the wearing of jeans牛仔褲 and suit西裝. While in festivals, Japanese still wore kimono和服. Furthermore, some of the Japanese culture even exported to foreign countries, like sushi. Japan could be viewed as a cultural power. Comparatively speaking, Japan was a society with cultural co-existence in both periods. While developing foreign culture, Japanese culture was kept properly, too. There was no difference in nature.
In military aspect, the military nature and features were similar in these two periods, having no big changes in nature. In these two periods, Japan’s military feature was that the number of army was small but the army was powerful. The navy shared the same feature. Japan even formed military alliance with the west. In terms of the number of army, there was only 150 thousand army in 1910, while in the late 20th century, the number of Japan’s self-defence force was no larger than 200 thousand. Yet, armies in both periods were having sophisticated weapons and they were well-trained. In terms of navy, Japan’s navy in the early 20th century was powerful, winning the First Sino-Japanese War甲午戰爭(1894-95) and the Russo-Japanese War日俄戰爭(1904-05). In the late 20th century, Japan’s navy still ranked high in the world. In addition, in terms of military alliance, there was the Anglo-Japanese Alliance as early as 1902. As for the late 20th century, the Mutual Security Pact日美安保條約 signed between the US and Japan in 1952 was still effective. Thus, the military nature and features were similar in these two periods. In comparison, the military nature and features were akin to each other in two periods. The number of soldiers was small but they were powerful. The naval power was strong and Japan was even an ally of the west, having not much difference.
In diplomatic aspect, Japan’s poor relations with China and North Korea still existed. Japan’s relations with China and North Korea did not reverse even after a century, failing to improve relations. In the early 20th century, Japan carried out colonial expansions into China, as well as Korea, which worsened the relations among them. For instance, the First Sino-Japanese War甲午戰爭(1894-95). Also, Japan made North Korea become her protectorate保護國 in 1910. In the late 20th century, because the post-war issues were not settled so the relations between Japan and China and North Korea did not improve like the falsification of history textbooks of Japan in 1982 and the visits of Yasukuni Shrine靖國神社 by Japan’s Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone中曾根康弘 in 1985. This stirred up dissatisfaction of China, South and North Korea. Worse still, Japan had disputes with China over the Diaoyu Island釣魚台 and South Korea over Dokdo獨島, which destroyed the peace in Asia region. Relatively speaking, Japan’s relations with China and North Korea remained unfriendly and did not reverse, having poor relations. There were a lot of disputes, either. This jeopardised the peace and stability in the Asia Pacific region in the early 21st century.
Although Japan had few changes in some aspects, there were significant differences between the early and late 20th century in political, economic, education as well as the relations between Southeast Asia countries aspects. Thus, generally speaking, to a large extent Japan in the late 20th century was different from what it was in the early 20th century.
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