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比較毛澤東時期及鄧小平時期對於中國現代化的成效。
定義 現代化指一國家或地區成功擺脫落後及封建，本質上達致先進﹑文明的狀況。 // 背景 於20世紀下半葉，毛澤東和鄧小平分別為建設中國現代化作為努力。 // 立場 然而，相比之下，鄧小平時期的貢獻較毛澤東時期顯著。 // 架構 以下將從政治、經濟、教育及外交方面比較。
主旨句 政治方面，鄧小平時期較毛澤東時期更能促進中國政治現代化的發展。 // 項目A 於毛澤東時期，由於毛澤東提倡「階級鬥爭」，於1966年號召全國群眾對黨內的「走資派」不依法治理據地進行批判，結果不單使法治受到重大挑戰，而且由於全國230萬(佔19.2%)幹部被立案調查，使國家和地方的政黨機構陷入長期的癱瘓，損害了中國的法治精神及政治穩定。 // 項目B 至於鄧小平時期，由於鄧小平強調階級團結，以共同經濟生產達致了政治上的穩定。加上，改革開放的出現使自由民主思想隨著經濟往來及往外國留學的學生傳入，有助自由、民主思想在中國萌芽，推動中國自由及民主思想的發展。 // 對比(~20%) 相較之下，毛澤東時期大大破壞了中國政治現代化的發展，使中國失去法治，政府更加陷入癱瘓，造成「三信危機」，人民對黨、政府及共產主義失去信心。反之，鄧小平時期的確為中國政治帶來了更多的正面影響，使政治達致穩定，重建人民對政府的信心，而且自由民主思想得以在中國發展，因此貢獻大於毛澤東時期。
經濟方面，鄧小平時期對於中國經濟現代化的貢獻大於毛澤東時期。於毛澤東時期，雖然一五計劃(1953-57年)取得了顯著的成就，但由於後來的大躍進(1958-60年)盲目冒進，工、農業大躍進均失敗告終，使中國經濟倒退，全國陷入3年困難時期(1960-62年)。至文革時，全國均陷於政治運動之中，忽視生產，結果令中國經濟停頓，估計令中國的國民收入損失達5000億，大大損害了經濟現代化的建設。相反，鄧小平提出改革開放，開放沿海城市，以及改革國有企業及於農業方面實行「承包制」等，大大推動了中國農、工、商業的發展。結果，中國農產品供給實現了由長期短缺到供求基本平衡，而且，中國國內生產總值於1979-1999年間年均增長達9.6%，成為世界上增長最快的國家之一。相較之下，毛澤東前期的管治雖然有助中國經濟的發展，但後來卻被大躍進及文革等摧毀，使中國貧困情況仍然，經濟更陷於停頓。然而，鄧小平時期則成功推動中國經濟現代化的發展，工、農、商業等均達到顯著的進展，大大提高了人民的生活水平，貢獻遠大於毛澤東時期。
教育方面，毛澤東時期不重視教育的發展，對建設教育現代化的貢獻不如鄧小平時期。毛澤東時期忽視專業知識和教育，如大躍進中號召全民大煉鋼和農業大躍進，鼓勵人民參與生產而無需學習，使教育受到忽視。更甚，至文化大革命，教育更視為不事生產的項目，「讀書無用﹑愈讀愈蠢」等思想於全國蔓延，結果使一代人才真空，估計1982年中國的文盲及半文盲人數多達2億人，大大妨礙中國教育現代化的建設。然而，至鄧小平時期，鄧小平強調教育是實現中國「四個現代化」的基本條件，不但恢復全國學院的運作，恢復文革前的60所重點高等學校，並新增多28所高校為重點大學，使中國於1978年已確立了88所重點大學。此外，更推行普及教育，如於1986年推行《義務教育法》，提供9年免費教育予滿6歲的學生，大大推動了中國基礎及高等教育的發展。相較之下，毛澤東時期對於中國教育現代化的貢獻甚微，其忽視教育的方針使教育一度受阻，但鄧小平時期則重新推動了中國教育的發展，於基礎教育及高等教育等方面均取得了的成效，大大有助改善文盲問題及提高中國的知識水平，貢獻較毛澤東時期顯著。
外交方面，鄧小平對於實現中國外交現代化的貢獻亦大於毛澤東時期。毛澤東時期，毛澤東實行一面倒傾向共產主義陣營的外交政策，如分別於韓戰(1950-53年)及越戰(1961-75年)中支持共產主義的北韓及北越，限制了中國的外交發展。此外，隨著1950年代末中、蘇關係交惡，加上文革時期中國的排外情緒達到高峰，使中國外交陷於孤立，未能與國際社會建立正常化的關係。反之，鄧小平時期致力改善中國與外國的關係，透過改革開放增加與外國的經濟往來，加強合作。更甚，鄧小平時期的外交發展不單單局限於共產主義陣營內的發展，更與日本、南韓等資本主義國家合作，並且發展與非洲等第三世界國家的關係，使中國外交走向多邊發展，並且恢復了中國在國際事務上的參與，如中國在1990年代的北韓核問題上是北韓與其他國家溝通的重要橋樑。相較之下，毛澤東時期使中國外交發展走向狹隘，使中國外交受到孤立，但鄧小平時期則大大改善了中國與國際社會的關係，不但令中國外交走向多邊發展，更令中國重返國際舞台，實現了中國外交上的現代化，貢獻遠大於毛澤東時期。
總括而言，對於中國現代化的貢獻而言，鄧小平時期在政治、經濟、教育及外交等方面的成就均較毛澤東時期顯著。毛澤東時期冒進的改革項目及激進的群眾運動均妨礙了中國現代化建設的進行，但鄧小平時期循序漸進，務實進行，更能有助實現中國現代化。
Compare the effectiveness to China’s modernization made in the Mao era and the Deng era.
A modernized country or region must have got rid of backwardness and feudalism, being modern and civilized in nature. In the late 20th century, Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping worked hard in modernizing China. However, in comparison, Deng contributed more than Mao. Below, the comparison would be made in the political, economic, education and diplomatic aspects.
Politically, Deng contributed more to the modernization of China than Mao did. In the era of Mao, he advocated ‘class struggle階級鬥爭’ and encouraged the public to criticize the ‘capitalist roaders走資派’ in the party. As a result, huge challenge was imposed to rule of law. Also, 2.3 million cadres (accounted for 19.2%) of the whole country was being checked. This made the country, local parties and agencies to be gotten into long term paralysis. This greatly harmed the rule of law and political stability. In the era of Deng, he stressed on unity among classes階級團結 and achieved political stability by mutual economic production. Also, the occurrence of Reform and Opening Up encouraged the instillation of ideas like democracy through trading and people studying abroad. This facilitated the spread of ideas such as freedom自由 and democracy民主. This greatly advocated the development of such ideas. In compared of the two, the era of Mao greatly damaged the development of political modernization. Not only did China could not practice rule of law, the government paralyzed and led to ‘San Xin Weiji’ 三信危機’ which people lost confidence to them. In opposite, the era of Deng indeed brought a lot of positive impact to the politics of China. Political stability was achieved and people’s trust to the government was rebuilt. Also, the ideas of freedom and democracy could be developed in China and hence he had greater contribution than Mao.
Economically, the contribution of Deng was more than that of Mao in China’s economic modernization. In the era of Mao, the First Five Year Plan一五計劃(1953-57) had significant achievement. However, Great Leap Forward大躍進(1958-60) was a failure with their development neglecting the actual situation. The Great Leap Forward in industry and agriculture were in great failure and China’s economy recessed. Whole country got into a 3-year difficult period (1960-62). In the Cultural Revolution, China got into a craze of political movement, production was neglected. As a result, the economy of China stopped and the estimated lost in people’s income amounted to 500 billion dollars. This severely damaged the construction of economic modernization. In opposite, Deng suggested Reform and Opening Up, and opened up cities on the coast沿海城市. Apart from that, he reformed the nation-owned enterprises國有企業 and actualized ‘Contracting Out System承包制’ in agriculture which greatly encouraged the development of China’s agriculture, industries and businesses. As a result, the agricultural products of China changed from long-term shortage to a balanced supply and demand. Also, the Gross Domestic Products of China increased by 9.6% in 1979-1999 and became the country which had the greatest growth in the world. To compare the two, the governance of Mao helped the development of China’s economy. However, the achievement was ruined by Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. Poverty remained in China and the economy paralyzed. However, in the era of Deng, economic modernization of China was successfully encouraged. Huge achievement was made in industry, agriculture and business. People’s quality of life rose and thus he had greater contribution than Mao.
In the education aspect, the era of Mao did not value the development of education thus had less contribution than the era of Deng. Mao neglected professional knowledge and education. For instance, he asked people to refine steel during the Great Leap Forward大躍進, as well as encouraging people to engage in production during the agricultural Great Leap Forward. Education was being neglected at that time. Worse still, in the Cultural Revolution文化大革命, education was seen as an item which was not beneficial to production. Thoughts like ‘Study is useless, the more you study the more stupid you become讀書無用﹑愈讀愈蠢’ instilled into people’s mind. As a result, the elites of this generation was in a vacuum state. It was estimated that the number of illiterate and semi-illiterate people amounted to 0.2 billion. It greatly hindered the development of China’s education modernization. However, in the era of Deng, he stressed that education was the prerequisite of the Four Modernizations四個現代化. Not only did he resumed the operation of all education institutions and restarted the 60 key secondary schools, he added 28 high school as National Key Universities. In 1978, China has already established 88 National Key Universities. Apart from that, universal education was promoted. For instance, Compulsory Education Law義務教育法 was implemented in 1986 and provided 9-year free education to students aged 6. It greatly advocated the development of China’s primary and tertiary education. In comparison, the era of Mao had limited contribution to the educational modernization of China as his approach created barrier to its development. On the other hand, in the era of Mao, he restarted the development of education in China. He greatly improved the problem of illiteracy and the knowledge level of China. He contributed more than Mao did.
Diplomatically, Deng contributed more on China’s modernization than Mao did. In the era of Mao, he relied solely on the diplomatic policy of the communist bloc. For instance, China supported communist North Korea and North Vietnam in the Korean War韓戰(1950-53) and Vietnam War越戰(1961-75) respectively. It limited China’s diplomatic development. Also, in the late 1950s, the relationship of China and Soviet Union became hostile. Together with the anti-foreign sentiments rose during the Cultural Revolution文革 in China, it was being isolated and could not develop normal relationship with the international community. In opposite, in the era of Deng, Deng worked hard in improving the relationship of China and other countries. He hoped to increase cooperation by Reform and Opening Up policies and increase contact with others. Moreover, the diplomatic development in this era was not limited to the communist bloc, cooperation was carried out with capitalist countries like Japan and South Korea as well. Also, development in relationship with third world countries like Africa was included. Diplomacy of China was becoming more multilateral. This resumed the participation of China in international affairs. For instance, in the issue of nuclear in North Korea北韓核問題 in 1990s, China was acting as a channel in the communication between her and other countries. In comparison, the era of Mao made the diplomacy of China to be more and more narrow and China was being isolated by others. However, the era of Deng greatly improved the relationship of China and the international community. Not only did China started to develop multilaterally, it could return to the international stage and actualized diplomatic modernization. Such contribution exceeded that of Mao.
To sum up, in terms of the contribution of China’s modernization, the era of Deng had a more significant contribution than that of Mao in political, economic, education and diplomatic aspects. The aggressive reforms and radical mass movements hindered the construction of China’s modernization. However, in the era of Deng, he carried up the reform step-by-step and pragmatically. This could help actualizing China’s modernization more effectively.
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