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評估各個主要因素於導致軍國主義在1930年代日本興起一事上的相對重要性。
立場 於導致軍國主義於1930年代的日本興起一事上，政黨政府的失敗需要負上最大的責任，其次為國際因素，最次要的是國內的民族因素。架構 以下，將逐一就上述因素討論其重要性，並將各個因素相互比較重要性。
主旨句 首次，政黨政府的失敗是導致日本軍國主義於1930年代崛興的最重要因素。 // 主項A重要性政黨政府的醜聞不斷，貪污﹑不合法競爭手段於選舉過程中屢見不鮮，如1924年違反選舉法的個案就有15,000個，使政府形象受損，內閣亦因不得民心而更迭頻繁，如於1918-32年間已11次換閣。此外，政黨政府在應對經濟問題時表現無能，未能有效解決關東大地震(1923年)﹑銀行危機(1927年)及經濟大蕭條(1929-32年)等經濟危機，使日本面對嚴峻的經濟問題，失業人數達到300萬人，人民也因而支持軍國主義者進行對外擴張，如對中國的「九一八事變」(1931年)，侵略中國東北地區，終使軍國主義於1930年代日本盛行及得到人民支持。 // 小結可見，政黨政治的失敗對於軍國主義成功於日本興起極具重要性。
主旨句 相對於國際因素，政黨政府的失敗對於促使軍國主義者上台的重要性更大。 // 駁論從因果關係而言，基於政黨政府多次在外交上表現得軟弱無能，例如1930年倫敦海軍會議時未能維護日本海軍的實力，在大型巡洋艦的比例安排上屈服於英、美的10：10：6的要求，未能爭取日本軍方事先要求的10：10：7的比例。結果，日人認為政黨政府無力捍衛國家權益，轉而支持軍人，渴望能夠與西方各國一較長短，才令到軍國主義在日本取得優勢。 // 小結可見，在導致軍國主義興起一事上，政黨政府的失敗較國際因素更加重要。
相對於國內的民族因素，政黨政府的失敗對於導致日本軍國主義興起一事更具重要性。就因果關係而言，政黨政府的無能是導致日本民族主義演變成極端民族主義的原因。由於政黨政府於經濟及外交等方面表現軟弱無能，例如未能解決經濟大蕭條(1929年)等經濟危機，亦於1931年反對在中國建立「偽滿州國」，結果導致國內民族主義分子不滿，演變成極端民族主義，不惜以刺殺方式打擊政黨政府的統治，其中1932年血盟團就刺殺了首相犬養毅(「五一五事件」)，事後，日本的首相之職全由軍方或貴族出任，標誌了政黨政治的告終，軍國主義者得以上台。可見，對於軍國主義在日本興起而言，政黨政府失敗的重要性大於民族因素。
國際因素對於軍國主義在日本興起的重要性雖不及政黨政府的失敗重要性，但就較民族因素重要。
國際因素對於軍國主義在日本興起一事上亦具重要性。二十世紀初，「黃禍」的思想於歐、美地區彌漫，認為黃種人有威脅歐美帝國霸權的潛力，因此作為黃種人的日本也受到西方的針對及疏離，如美國於1924年通過《排外法案》，禁止日本在內的黃種人移民到美國。此外，在華盛頓會議(1921-22年)及倫敦海軍會議(1930年)中，列強更壓抑日本的勢力，如華盛頓會議中迫使日本交還原本在中國山東的勢力範圍；倫敦會議中限制日本的大型巡洋艦與美、英的比例至10：10：6，因此令日人於1920年代起產生強烈的仇外情緒，更支持軍方的對外擴張行動，如九一八事變(1931年)等，希望藉對外擴張而挽回民族光榮，致使軍國主義得以在日本興起。可見，列強的歧視及針對大大促使軍國主義在日本興起。
相對於民族因素而言，國際因素在日本軍國主義興起一事上更具重要性。從因果關係分析，國際因素導致日本國內的民族情緒變得更趨熾烈，因列強對日本實行的針對性及壓抑性政策，惹起了日人的不滿，例如1924年美國的《排外法案》令日人感到侮辱，結果極端民族主義隨著對西方國家的不滿而再次興起，支持軍國主義者的對外擴張政策，以彰顯日本的強國地位，使軍國主義在日本漸趨受到歡迎。可見，國際因素較民族因素對於軍國主義在1930年代的日本興起更具重要性。
最後，民族因素對於軍國主義得以在日本興起的重要性最小。
民族因素對於日本軍國主義興起雖有重要性，但亦存有頗大的局限。日本政府向人民強調國粹主義，對內灌輸國家至上的民族意識，對外主張拯救其他民族及為大和民族爭取光榮。這種極端的民族思想逐漸誘發軍國主義思想及相關組織的出現，如黑龍會、血盟團等，此等團體更於1930年代與軍方共同策劃多次政變，如1932年的「五一五事件」則由血盟團所發動，終對政黨政府造成重大打擊，促使軍國主義者於1930年代上台。然而，民族因素的重要性最小。因極端民族主義思想曾經於1910年代及1920年代初減弱，當時民主思想開始流行，例如出現兩次護憲運動(1913及1924年)，原敬亦成為首位政黨出身的首相。至於後來極端民族主義再次出現乃基於政黨政府的無能和列強的歧視所導致。可見，民族因素雖然對於日本軍國主義興起不無重要性，但重要性卻是最小。
總括而言，軍國主義於1930年代的日本興起，導致往後日本四出侵略，終致烽煙四起。探究軍國主義在日本興起的原因，政黨政府的失敗重要性最大，其次為國際因素，最次要為民族因素。
Assess the relative importance of the major factors that caused the rise of militarism in Japan in the 1930s.
For the rise of militarism, the failure of the democratic government bore the greatest responsibility, while the international factor was less important than the failure of the democratic government but more important than racial factor. Their importance are to be discussed and compared in the following.
First, the failure of the democratic government was the main factor for the rise of militarism. The democratic government was rocked by a series of scandals. Corruption and illegal means of competition were common during elections. For example, there were 15,000 cases of violation of the Election Law in 1924 and they ruined the government’s reputation. Also, the Cabinet was frequently reorganized due to lack of popular support. From 1918 to 1932, there were in total 11 cases of Cabinet reshuffle. In addition, the government was incapable of solving economic problems and failed to tackle economic crises like the Great Kanto Earthquake關東大地震(1923), the Bank Crisis銀行危機(1927) and the Great Depression經濟大蕭條(1929-32). Japan was facing acute economic problems and people thus supported the militarists to embark on territorial expansion like the September 18th Incident九一八事變 targeting Northeast China. In the end, militarism received overwhelming support in the 1930s. Hence, the failure of the democratic government was significant in giving rise to militarism.
Comparatively speaking, the failure of the democratic government was more important than international factor when it comes to the rise of militarism. In terms of the cause-and-effect relationship, the democratic government lost the confidence of the Japanese because of its disappointing diplomatic performance. For instance, it succumbed to the US and Britain and accepted the 10(US) : 10(Britain) : 6(Japan) ratio on heavy cruisers大型巡洋艦 in the London Naval Conference倫敦海軍會議(1930) as opposed to the ratio 10(US): 10(Britain): 7(Japan). Eventually, Japanese thought that the democratic government was unable to protect the interests of Japan, thus supporting the militarists, who wished to be on par with the west, instead. Militarism became dominant in Japan. Therefore, in terms of the rise of militarism, the failure of democratic government was more important than international factor.
Relatively speaking, the failure of the democratic government was more significant than the racial factor in terms of the rise of militarism. From the cause-result relationship, nationalism evolved into extreme nationalism owing to the incapability of the democratic government in different aspects. An example is its failure to resolve the Great Depression經濟大蕭條(1929). Also, its objection to set up ‘Manchuguo’ 偽滿州國 led to the discontent of some nationalists and this allowed the evolution of nationalism into the extreme one. They launched some coups so as to end the rule of the democratic government. The May 15th Incident五一五事件 (1932) was a typical example, which was launched by the Brotherhood Blood League血盟團 and Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi犬養毅 was assassinated. All the high-ranking officials were occupied by either the militarists or upper class since then. This marked the end of party politics and the era of militarism started. Thus, in terms of the rise of militarism, the failure of democratic government was more important than the racial factor.
True, international factor was less important than the failure of party politics, but was more important than the racial factor.
International factor was also crucial for the rise of militarism. In the early 20th century, the idea of “yellow peril黃禍” prevailed in the US and European countries. The theory suggested that yellow people had the potential to challenge their hegemony and the Japanese, as members of the yellow race, suffered discrimination and isolation by the West. For instance, the US passed the Immigration Act排外法案 of 1924 to ban “yellow” immigration from Asian countries, including Japan, to the States. In the Washington Conference華盛頓會議(1921-22) and the London Naval Conference倫敦海軍會議(1930), the powers did it further by keeping Japan’s power in check. In the Washington one they forced Japan to return Shandong to China, while in the London one they set a ratio of 10:10:6 on heavy cruisers大型巡洋艦 in favour of Britain and the US. These induced strong anti-foreign sentiments among the Japanese during the 1920s and they turned to support invasions by the military, including the September 18th Incident九一八事變(1931), in pursuit of national glory. Their support contributed to the rise of militarism in Japan. Therefore, discrimination from Western powers greatly promoted the spread of militarism in Japan.
In comparison, international factor was more important than racial factor in causing the rise of militarism. In terms of cause-result relationship, international factor made Japanese become more patriotic. Due to the western countries’ suppressing policies towards Japanese, they felt dissatisfied. Immigration Act排外法案 introduced in 1924 insulted Japanese and they felt outraged. Extreme nationalism rose as a result of the dissatisfaction towards the west. The militarists’ rigid stance and hardline diplomatic policies made them easier to get support from the people as these actions could show the strength of Japan. Militarism was embraced by people. Hence, international factor was more important than racial factor in causing the rise of militarism.
Lastly, racial factor had little importance for the rise of militarism.
It is true that racial factor was also one of the reasons for the rise of militarism. It had a huge limitation. The government emphasized Japanese nationalism a lot. Internally, the Japanese were indoctrinated with values like state supremacy and national consciousness. Externally, the government advocated saving other races and fighting for glory for the Yamato people. Such extreme nationalist ideas led to the emergence of militarism and related organizations, including the Black Dragon Society黑龍會(1901), as well as the Brotherhood of Blood League血盟團(1931) that aimed at removing corrupt officials through assassination like the May 15th Incident五一五事件 of 1932 started by the Brotherhood of Blood League血盟團. These coups stroke a severe blow to the democratic government and paved the way to military control of the government in the 1930s. Nevertheless, racial factor had limited importance. Since Extreme nationalism once lost its popularity in the 1910s and the early 1920s. At that time, democratic ideas prevailed in Japan. The two Constitution Protection Movements兩次護憲運動(1913 & 1924) were evidences for that. Also, Hara Kei原敬 was the first Prime Minster who affiliated with political parties. However, extreme nationalism rose again owing to the incapability of the democratic government and the western discrimination against Japan. Therefore, although racial factor did contribute to the rise of militarism, it had limited importance.
By and large, militarism rose in Japan in the 1930s and caused lots of aggressions. War broke out eventually. To explore the reasons for the rise of militarism, the failure of democratic government was the most important, followed by international factor and lastly, the racial factor.
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